Pristis perotteti

Taxonomy

Assessment Information

Geographic Range

Population

Habitat and Ecology

Bibliography

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Taxonomy [top]

Kingdom	Phylum	Class	Order	Family
ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	CHONDRICHTHYES	RAJIFORMES	PRISTIDAE

Scientific Name:

Pristis perotteti

Species Authority:

Valenciennes, in Müller & Henle, 1841

Common Name/s:

English

–

Largetooth Sawfish

Assessment Information [top]

Red List Category & Criteria:

Critically Endangered A2abcd ver 3.1

Year Published:

2007

Assessor/s:

Charvet-Almeida, P., Faria, V., Furtado, M., Cook, S.F., Compagno L.J.V. & Oetinger, M.I.

Reviewer/s:

Simpfendorfer, C., Kyne, P.M. & Valenti, S.V. (Shark Red List Authority)

Contributor/s:

Justification:
A large, previously widely distributed marine, estuarine and freshwater sawfish. It has been taken in (former) directed fisheries and is extremely vulnerable to bycatch in virtually all fisheries throughout its tropical Atlantic range. The relationship of this species, to a similar form that occurs in the tropical Eastern Pacific is uncertain, but is currently being investigated, and the present assessment relates only to the Atlantic form. The species has been extirpated from most of its former range and its population status is known to be critical especially in Lake Nicaragua, other Central/South American sites and in West Africa. Artisanal and commercial landings are in decline in regions where it still occurs. Habitat degradation (mainly mangrove destruction) is also a threat. Information on biology and ecology is known only from an overfished population in Lake Nicaragua (Nicaragua), but it is a long-lived species with little capacity to recover from depletion. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered on the basis of observed and inferred declines in abundance in both the Eastern and Western Atlantic where it is believed to have been extirpated from much of its former range. Further data on the biology and trade of this species is being collected.

History:

2007	–	Critically Endangered
2000	–	Critically Endangered
1996	–	Endangered

Geographic Range [top]

Countries:	Native: Belize; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; French Guiana; Guatemala; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua; Suriname; United States; Venezuela Possibly extinct: Angola; Benin; Cameroon; Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Côte d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Gibraltar; Guinea; Liberia; Mali; Mauritania; Morocco; Nigeria; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Spain; Togo; Western Sahara
FAO Marine Fishing Areas:	Native: Atlantic – eastern central; Atlantic – southeast; Atlantic – southwest; Atlantic – western central
Range Map:	Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.

Population [top]

Population Trend:	Decreasing

Population Trend:

Decreasing

Habitat and Ecology [top]

Systems:	Freshwater; Marine

Systems:

Freshwater; Marine

Bibliography [top]

	Adams, W.F. 2005. Smalltooth or wide sawfish Pristis pectinata. In: S.L. Fowler, R.D. Cavanagh, M. camhi, G.H. Burgess, G.M. cailliet, S.V. Fordham, C.A. Simpfendorfer and J.A. Musick (eds). Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes, pp. 324-325. IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Adams, W.F. and Wilson, C.R. 1996. The status of the smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata Latham 1794 (Pristiformes; Pristidae) in the United States. Chondros 6(4): 1-5. Almeida, Z. 1999. Levantamento e ocorrência de elasmobrânquios capturados pela pesca artesanal no litoral do Maranhão. Bol. SBEEL 4: 10. Almeida, Z.S. 1998. Dinâmica populacional de elasmobrânquios na Costa do Maranhão. REVIZEE, Relatorio final. Universidade Federal do Maranhão. Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (eds). 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Baughman, J.L. 1943. Notes on sawfish, Pristis perotteti Muller and Henle, not previously reported from the waters of the United States. Copeia 1943: 43-48. Beebe W. and Tee-Van, J. 1941. Fishes from the Tropical eastern Pacific. Part 3: Rays, mantas and Chimaeras. Zoologica 26: 245-280. Bigelow, H.B. and Schroeder, W.C. 1953. Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Part 2: Sawfishes, Guitarfishes, Skates and Rays; Chimaeroids. Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Bonfil, R. 1994. Overview of world elasmobranch fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 341. FAO, Rome. Breder Jr., C.M. 1952. On the utility of the saw in the sawfish. Copeia 2: 90–91. Carvalho, M.R. de, Séret, B. and Schelly, R.C. In press. Pristidae. In: M.L.J. Stiassny, G.G. Teugels and C.D. Hopkins (eds). The fresh and brackish water fishes of Lower Guinea, West-Central Africa. MRAC, IRD, MNHN & AMNH. Charvet-Almeida, P. 1999. General information from Sawfishes in Pará State, north Brazil. Bol. SBEEL 4: 12. Charvet-Almeida, P. 2002. Sawfish trade in the North of Brazil. Shark News 14: 9. Chirichigno, N. and Cornejo, M. 2001. Catalogo Comentado de los peces marinos del Perú. Publicación Especial. Instituto del Mar del Perú. Compagno, L.J.V. and Cook, S.F. 1995. The exploitation and conservation of freshwater elasmobranchs: status of taxa and prospects for the future. The biology of Freshwater elasmobranchs. The Journal of Aquariculture and Aquatic Science. 7: 62–90. Compagno, L.J.V. and Cook, S.F. 2005. Order Pristiformes, sawfishes. In: S.L. Fowler, M. Camhi, G.H. Burgess, G.M. Cailliet, S.V. Fordham, R.D. Cavanagh, C.A. Simpfendorfer, and J.A. Musick (eds) Sharks, rays and chimaeras: the status of the chondrichthyan fishes. IUCN SSC, Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland. Compagno, L.J.V., Ebert, D.A. and Smale, M.J. 1989. Guide to the sharks and rays of Southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town. 160 pp. Cook, S.F., Compagno, L.J.V. and Oetinger, M.I. 2005. Largetooth sawfish Pristis perotteti. In: S.L. Fowler, M. Camhi, G.H. Burgess, G.M. Cailliet, S.V. Fordham, R.D. Cavanagh, C.A. Simpfendorfer, and J.A. Musick (eds). Sharks, rays and chimaeras: the status of the chondrichthyan fishes, pp. 325-327. IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Day, F. 1873. Report on the fresh water fish and fisheries of India and Burma. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta. Doumbouya, F. 2004. Rapport sur la preparation du PAN-Requin Guinéen et le dossier de la raie Pristis. [Report to the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission from the Départment Pêche Artisanale]. Ministere de la Pêche et de l’Aquaculture. Conakry, Republic de Guinée. Evermann, B.W. and Bean, B.A.1898. Indian River and its fisheries. U.S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries. Report of the Commissioner for the year ending June 1896. Part XXII. Government Printing Office, Washington, USA. Faria, V.V. and McDavitt, M.T. In prep. Taxonomy review of the sawfish (Chondrichthyes, Pristidae). Figueiredo, J.L. 1977. Manual de Peixes Marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil I. Introdução, Cações, raias e quimeras. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia Universidade de São Paulo. Fowler, H.W. 1936. The marine fishes of West Africa. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 70: 1493. Fowler, H.W. 1941. The fishes of the groups Elasmobranchii, Holocephali, Isospondyli, and Ostariophysi obtained by United States Bureau of Fisheries Steamer Albatross in 1907 to 1910, chiefly in the Philippines Islands and adjacent seas. Bulletin of the United States National Museum (100) 13: 1-879. Gadig, O.B.F., Bezerra, M.A., Feitosa, R.D. and Furtado-Neto, M.A. 2000. Ictiofauna marinha do Estado do Ceará, Brasil: I. Elasmobranchii. Arquivos de Ciências do Mar, Fortaleza. 33:51-56. Goode, G.B. 1884. The fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States. Section 1. Natural History of Useful Aquatic Animals. Government Printing Office, Washington, USA.. Henshall, J.A. 1895. Notes on fishes collected in Florida in 1892. Bulletin of the US Fisheries Commission 14(1894): 209-221. Hilton-Taylor, C. 2000. 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. IUCN. 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 12th September 2007). IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group. Specialist Group website. Available at: http://www.iucnssg.org/. Jordon, D.S. and Evermann, B.W. 1896. The Fishes of North and Middle America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 47(1): 1-1240. Krefft, G. and Stehmann, M. 1973. Pristidae. In: J.C. Hureau and T. Monod (eds). Check-list of the Fishes of the North-Eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean (CLOFNAM), pp. 51-52. UNESCO, Paris. Last, P.R. and Stevens, J.D. 1994. Sharks and Rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. McCormack, H.W., Allen, T. and Young, W.E. 1963. Shadows in the Sea. Chilton Books. McDavitt, M.T. 2002. Lake Nicaragua revisited: conversations with a former sawfish fisherman. Shark News 14: 5. McDavitt, M.T. and Charvet-Almeida, P. 2004. Quantifying trade in sawfish rostra two examples. Shark News 16: 10-11. Menni, R.C. and Stehmann, M.F.W. 2000. Distribution, environment and biology of batoid fishes off Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil, a review. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (Nueva Serie) 2(1): 69-109. Misra, K.S. 1969. Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. In: M.L. Roonwal (ed.) The fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Pisces (second edition). Zoological Survey of India Series. Government of India Press, Faridabad. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2006. Recovery Plan for Smalltooth Sawfish (Pristis pectinata). Smalltooth Sawfish Recovery Team for the National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland. Oetinger, M.I. 1978. The post-embryonic development of the sawfish, Pristis perotteti Mueller and Henle 1841. MSc. Thesis. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA. Penrith, M.J. 1978. An annotated checklist of the inshore fishes of Southern Angola. Cimbebasia Ser A 4(11): 180-190. Poulakis, G.R. and Seitz, J.C. 2004. Recent occurrence of the smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata (Elasmobranchiomorphi: Pristidae), in Florida Bay and the Florida Keys, with comments on sawfish ecology. Florida Scientist 67: 27-35. Rosa, R.S. and Menezes, N.A. 1996. Relação preliminar das espécies de peixes (Pisces, Elasmobranchii, Actinopterygii) ameaçadas no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 13(3): 647–667. Saine, A. 2004. Sawfishes and other highly endangered shark species in the Gambia. Report to the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission from the Fisheries Department, Banjul, Gambia. Sampaio, C.L.S., Gadig, O.B.F. and Olavo, G. 2000. Levantamento das espécies de peixes cartilaginosos do litoral da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil. Santos, Resumos da II Reunião da SBEEL. Simpfendorfer, C.A. 2000. Predicting population recovery rates for endangered western Atlantic sawfishes using demographic analysis. Environmental Biology of Fishes 58: 371-377. Simpfendorfer, C.A. 2002. Smalltooth Sawfish: The USA's First Endangered Elasmobranch? Endangered Species UPDATE 19: 45-49. Simpfendorfer, C.A. and Wiley, T.R. 2005. Determination of the distribution of Florida's remnant sawfish population and identification of areas critical to their conservation. Final Report. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Tallahassee, Florida. Snelson Jr., F.F. and Williams, S.E. 1981. Notes on the occurrence, distribution, and biology of elasmobranch fishes in the Indian River Lagoon system, Florida. Estuaries 4:110–120. Stehmann, M. 1990. In: J.-C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Sandanha (eds). Checklist of the Fishes of the Eastern Tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA), pp. 51-54. JNICT, Portugal, Union Européene d'Ichtyologie, Paris, UNESCO. Swingle, H.A. 1971. Biology of Alabama estuarine areas - cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory. Alabama Marine Resources Bulletin No. 5. Tanaka, T. 1994. Research of freshwater elasmobranchs in Lake Nicaragua. Report of the Japanese Society for Elasmobranch Studies 31: 26-34. [Text in Japanese, abstract in English]. Taniuchi, T. 1992. Report on preliminary investigation of freshwater elasmobranchs in Mexico and Central America. Report of Japanese Society for Elasmobranch Studies 29: 33-49. (Japanese text with English abstract). Thorson, T.B. 1974. Of the sawfish, Pristis perotteti, in the Amazon River with notes on P. pectinata. Copeia 1974(2): 560-564. Thorson, T.B. 1976. Observations on the reproduction of the sawfish, Pristis perotteti, in Lake Nicaragua, with recommendations for its conservation. In: T.B. Thorson (ed.) Investigations of the ichthyofauna of Nicaraguan lakes, pp. 641-650. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Thorson, T.B. 1980. La explotacion excesiva del pez sierra, Pristis perotteti, en el Lago Nicaragua. ConCienca 7(1): 11-13. Thorson, T.B. 1982a. The impact of commercial exploitation on sawfish and shark populations in Lake Nicaragua. Fisheries 7(2): 2-10. Thorson, T.B. 1982b. Life history implications of a tagging study of the largetooth sawfish, Pristis perotteti, in the Lake Nicaragua-Rio San Juan system. Environmental Biology of Fishes 7: 207-228. Thorson, T.B. 1987. Human impacts on shark populations. In: S.F. Cook. Sharks-an inquiry into biology, behavior, fisheries and use. Oregon State University. Vakily, J.M., Camara, S.B., Mendy, A.N., Marques, V., Samba, B., Santos, A.J. dos., Sheriff, M.F., Ould Taleb Sidi, M. and Pauly, D. 2002. Poissons marins de la sous-région Africaine. EUR 20379 FR. European Commission, Brussels. Van der Elst, R. 1981. A guide to the common sea fishes of Southern Africa. Capetown, C. Struik. Wallace, J.A. 1967. The batoid fishes of the east coast of southern Africa. Part I: Sawfishes and guitarfishes. South African Association for Marine Biological Research. Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report 15.

Adams, W.F. 2005. Smalltooth or wide sawfish Pristis pectinata. In: S.L. Fowler, R.D. Cavanagh, M. camhi, G.H. Burgess, G.M. cailliet, S.V. Fordham, C.A. Simpfendorfer and J.A. Musick (eds). Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes, pp. 324-325. IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Adams, W.F. and Wilson, C.R. 1996. The status of the smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata Latham 1794 (Pristiformes; Pristidae) in the United States. Chondros 6(4): 1-5.

Almeida, Z. 1999. Levantamento e ocorrência de elasmobrânquios capturados pela pesca artesanal no litoral do Maranhão. Bol. SBEEL 4: 10.

Almeida, Z.S. 1998. Dinâmica populacional de elasmobrânquios na Costa do Maranhão. REVIZEE, Relatorio final. Universidade Federal do Maranhão.

Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (eds). 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Baughman, J.L. 1943. Notes on sawfish, Pristis perotteti Muller and Henle, not previously reported from the waters of the United States. Copeia 1943: 43-48.

Beebe W. and Tee-Van, J. 1941. Fishes from the Tropical eastern Pacific. Part 3: Rays, mantas and Chimaeras. Zoologica 26: 245-280.

Bigelow, H.B. and Schroeder, W.C. 1953. Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Part 2: Sawfishes, Guitarfishes, Skates and Rays; Chimaeroids. Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.

Bonfil, R. 1994. Overview of world elasmobranch fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 341. FAO, Rome.

Breder Jr., C.M. 1952. On the utility of the saw in the sawfish. Copeia 2: 90–91.

Carvalho, M.R. de, Séret, B. and Schelly, R.C. In press. Pristidae. In: M.L.J. Stiassny, G.G. Teugels and C.D. Hopkins (eds). The fresh and brackish water fishes of Lower Guinea, West-Central Africa. MRAC, IRD, MNHN & AMNH.

Charvet-Almeida, P. 1999. General information from Sawfishes in Pará State, north Brazil. Bol. SBEEL 4: 12.

Charvet-Almeida, P. 2002. Sawfish trade in the North of Brazil. Shark News 14: 9.

Chirichigno, N. and Cornejo, M. 2001. Catalogo Comentado de los peces marinos del Perú. Publicación Especial. Instituto del Mar del Perú.

Compagno, L.J.V. and Cook, S.F. 1995. The exploitation and conservation of freshwater elasmobranchs: status of taxa and prospects for the future. The biology of Freshwater elasmobranchs. The Journal of Aquariculture and Aquatic Science. 7: 62–90.

Compagno, L.J.V. and Cook, S.F. 2005. Order Pristiformes, sawfishes. In: S.L. Fowler, M. Camhi, G.H. Burgess, G.M. Cailliet, S.V. Fordham, R.D. Cavanagh, C.A. Simpfendorfer, and J.A. Musick (eds) Sharks, rays and chimaeras: the status of the chondrichthyan fishes. IUCN SSC, Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland.

Compagno, L.J.V., Ebert, D.A. and Smale, M.J. 1989. Guide to the sharks and rays of Southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town. 160 pp.

Cook, S.F., Compagno, L.J.V. and Oetinger, M.I. 2005. Largetooth sawfish Pristis perotteti. In: S.L. Fowler, M. Camhi, G.H. Burgess, G.M. Cailliet, S.V. Fordham, R.D. Cavanagh, C.A. Simpfendorfer, and J.A. Musick (eds). Sharks, rays and chimaeras: the status of the chondrichthyan fishes, pp. 325-327. IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Day, F. 1873. Report on the fresh water fish and fisheries of India and Burma. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta.

Doumbouya, F. 2004. Rapport sur la preparation du PAN-Requin Guinéen et le dossier de la raie Pristis. [Report to the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission from the Départment Pêche Artisanale]. Ministere de la Pêche et de l’Aquaculture. Conakry, Republic de Guinée.

Evermann, B.W. and Bean, B.A.1898. Indian River and its fisheries. U.S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries. Report of the Commissioner for the year ending June 1896. Part XXII. Government Printing Office, Washington, USA.

Faria, V.V. and McDavitt, M.T. In prep. Taxonomy review of the sawfish (Chondrichthyes, Pristidae).

Figueiredo, J.L. 1977. Manual de Peixes Marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil I. Introdução, Cações, raias e quimeras. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia Universidade de São Paulo.

Fowler, H.W. 1936. The marine fishes of West Africa. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 70: 1493.

Fowler, H.W. 1941. The fishes of the groups Elasmobranchii, Holocephali, Isospondyli, and Ostariophysi obtained by United States Bureau of Fisheries Steamer Albatross in 1907 to 1910, chiefly in the Philippines Islands and adjacent seas. Bulletin of the United States National Museum (100) 13: 1-879.

Gadig, O.B.F., Bezerra, M.A., Feitosa, R.D. and Furtado-Neto, M.A. 2000. Ictiofauna marinha do Estado do Ceará, Brasil: I. Elasmobranchii. Arquivos de Ciências do Mar, Fortaleza. 33:51-56.

Goode, G.B. 1884. The fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States. Section 1. Natural History of Useful Aquatic Animals. Government Printing Office, Washington, USA..

Henshall, J.A. 1895. Notes on fishes collected in Florida in 1892. Bulletin of the US Fisheries Commission 14(1894): 209-221.

Hilton-Taylor, C. 2000. 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

IUCN. 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 12th September 2007).

IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group. Specialist Group website. Available at: http://www.iucnssg.org/.

Jordon, D.S. and Evermann, B.W. 1896. The Fishes of North and Middle America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 47(1): 1-1240.

Krefft, G. and Stehmann, M. 1973. Pristidae. In: J.C. Hureau and T. Monod (eds). Check-list of the Fishes of the North-Eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean (CLOFNAM), pp. 51-52. UNESCO, Paris.

Last, P.R. and Stevens, J.D. 1994. Sharks and Rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia.

McCormack, H.W., Allen, T. and Young, W.E. 1963. Shadows in the Sea. Chilton Books.

McDavitt, M.T. 2002. Lake Nicaragua revisited: conversations with a former sawfish fisherman. Shark News 14: 5.

McDavitt, M.T. and Charvet-Almeida, P. 2004. Quantifying trade in sawfish rostra two examples. Shark News 16: 10-11.

Menni, R.C. and Stehmann, M.F.W. 2000. Distribution, environment and biology of batoid fishes off Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil, a review. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (Nueva Serie) 2(1): 69-109.

Misra, K.S. 1969. Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. In: M.L. Roonwal (ed.) The fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Pisces (second edition). Zoological Survey of India Series. Government of India Press, Faridabad.

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2006. Recovery Plan for Smalltooth Sawfish (Pristis pectinata). Smalltooth Sawfish Recovery Team for the National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland.

Oetinger, M.I. 1978. The post-embryonic development of the sawfish, Pristis perotteti Mueller and Henle 1841. MSc. Thesis. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA.

Penrith, M.J. 1978. An annotated checklist of the inshore fishes of Southern Angola. Cimbebasia Ser A 4(11): 180-190.

Poulakis, G.R. and Seitz, J.C. 2004. Recent occurrence of the smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata (Elasmobranchiomorphi: Pristidae), in Florida Bay and the Florida Keys, with comments on sawfish ecology. Florida Scientist 67: 27-35.

Rosa, R.S. and Menezes, N.A. 1996. Relação preliminar das espécies de peixes (Pisces, Elasmobranchii, Actinopterygii) ameaçadas no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 13(3): 647–667.

Saine, A. 2004. Sawfishes and other highly endangered shark species in the Gambia. Report to the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission from the Fisheries Department, Banjul, Gambia.

Sampaio, C.L.S., Gadig, O.B.F. and Olavo, G. 2000. Levantamento das espécies de peixes cartilaginosos do litoral da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil. Santos, Resumos da II Reunião da SBEEL.

Simpfendorfer, C.A. 2000. Predicting population recovery rates for endangered western Atlantic sawfishes using demographic analysis. Environmental Biology of Fishes 58: 371-377.

Simpfendorfer, C.A. 2002. Smalltooth Sawfish: The USA's First Endangered Elasmobranch? Endangered Species UPDATE 19: 45-49.

Simpfendorfer, C.A. and Wiley, T.R. 2005. Determination of the distribution of Florida's remnant sawfish population and identification of areas critical to their conservation. Final Report. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Tallahassee, Florida.

Snelson Jr., F.F. and Williams, S.E. 1981. Notes on the occurrence, distribution, and biology of elasmobranch fishes in the Indian River Lagoon system, Florida. Estuaries 4:110–120.

Stehmann, M. 1990. In: J.-C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Sandanha (eds). Checklist of the Fishes of the Eastern Tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA), pp. 51-54. JNICT, Portugal, Union Européene d'Ichtyologie, Paris, UNESCO.

Swingle, H.A. 1971. Biology of Alabama estuarine areas - cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory. Alabama Marine Resources Bulletin No. 5.

Tanaka, T. 1994. Research of freshwater elasmobranchs in Lake Nicaragua. Report of the Japanese Society for Elasmobranch Studies 31: 26-34. [Text in Japanese, abstract in English].

Taniuchi, T. 1992. Report on preliminary investigation of freshwater elasmobranchs in Mexico and Central America. Report of Japanese Society for Elasmobranch Studies 29: 33-49. (Japanese text with English abstract).

Thorson, T.B. 1974. Of the sawfish, Pristis perotteti, in the Amazon River with notes on P. pectinata. Copeia 1974(2): 560-564.

Thorson, T.B. 1976. Observations on the reproduction of the sawfish, Pristis perotteti, in Lake Nicaragua, with recommendations for its conservation. In: T.B. Thorson (ed.) Investigations of the ichthyofauna of Nicaraguan lakes, pp. 641-650. University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

Thorson, T.B. 1980. La explotacion excesiva del pez sierra, Pristis perotteti, en el Lago Nicaragua. ConCienca 7(1): 11-13.

Thorson, T.B. 1982a. The impact of commercial exploitation on sawfish and shark populations in Lake Nicaragua. Fisheries 7(2): 2-10.

Thorson, T.B. 1982b. Life history implications of a tagging study of the largetooth sawfish, Pristis perotteti, in the Lake Nicaragua-Rio San Juan system. Environmental Biology of Fishes 7: 207-228.

Thorson, T.B. 1987. Human impacts on shark populations. In: S.F. Cook. Sharks-an inquiry into biology, behavior, fisheries and use. Oregon State University.

Vakily, J.M., Camara, S.B., Mendy, A.N., Marques, V., Samba, B., Santos, A.J. dos., Sheriff, M.F., Ould Taleb Sidi, M. and Pauly, D. 2002. Poissons marins de la sous-région Africaine. EUR 20379 FR. European Commission, Brussels.

Van der Elst, R. 1981. A guide to the common sea fishes of Southern Africa. Capetown, C. Struik.

Wallace, J.A. 1967. The batoid fishes of the east coast of southern Africa. Part I: Sawfishes and guitarfishes. South African Association for Marine Biological Research. Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report 15.

Citation:	Charvet-Almeida, P., Faria, V., Furtado, M., Cook, S.F., Compagno L.J.V. & Oetinger, M.I. 2007. Pristis perotteti. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 19 June 2013.
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