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Haliaeetus albicilla
– Least Concern
Taxonomy
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Kingdom:
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ANIMALIA
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Phylum:
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CHORDATA
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Class:
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AVES
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Order:
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FALCONIFORMES
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Family:
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ACCIPITRIDAE
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Scientific Name:
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Haliaeetus albicilla
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Species Authority:
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(Linnaeus, 1758)
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Common Name/s:
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WHITE-TAILED EAGLE (Eng)
PYGARGUE COMMUN (Fre)
PYGARGUE À QUEUE BLANCHE (Fre)
PIGARGO COLIBLANCO DE GROENLANDIA (Spa)
PIGARGO COLIBLANCO (Spa)
PIGARGO EUROPEO (Spa)
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Assessment Information
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Red List Category & Criteria:
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LC ver 3.1 (2001)
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Year Assessed:
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2005
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Assessor/s:
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BirdLife International
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Evaluator/s:
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Butchart, S. (BirdLife International Red List Authority) & Burfield, I. (BirdLife International - European Division Office)
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Justification:
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Haliaeetus albicilla has been downlisted to Least Concern, as a recent reassessment of its European population suggests that it no longer approaches the thresholds for the IUCN Red List criteria. Following a large recovery in many European countries during 1970-1990, the species continued to increase virtually everywhere during 1990–2000, including key populations in Norway and European Russia (which together hold >55% of the European population). A few small populations in extreme southeast Europe continued to decline, but these losses were outweighed by large increases farther north and west. The European population is now estimated at 5,000–6,600 pairs, encompassing 50–74% of the global population. Although some losses may be taking place in Asian Russia due to increased logging and oil industry development, these are outweighed by increases in Europe. Populations in Kazakhstan are also increasing. The species has its strongholds in Norway and Russia, and important populations in south-west Greenland (to Denmark), Sweden, Poland and Germany. Smaller numbers breed in Iceland, United Kingdom, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, the former Yugoslav states, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Moldova, Greece, Turkey, Iran, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Mongolia, mainland China, and Japan. It formerly bred in Algeria and may still do so in Iraq. It requires large and open expanses of lake, coast or river valley, within the boreal, temperate and tundra zones, nearby to undisturbed cliffs or open stands of large, old-growth trees for nesting. Its food is vertebrates (fish, mammals and especially birds), from marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments. It is mainly migratory in the north and east of its breeding range, but sedentary elsewhere. Threats that affect this species include loss and degradation of wetlands, human disturbance and persecution, environmental pollution, collision with wind generators, and indiscriminate use of poisons. Modern forestry methods reduce the availability of suitable nesting habitat. CITES Appendix I and II. CMS Appendix I and II.
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History:
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| 1988 | - | Threatened (Collar and Andrew 1988) |
| 1994 | - | Lower Risk/near threatened (Collar, Crosby and Stattersfield 1994) |
| 2000 | - | Lower Risk/near threatened (BirdLife International 2000) |
| 2004 | - | Near Threatened (BirdLife International 2004) |
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Geographic Range
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Range Description:
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Haliaeetus albicilla has been downlisted to Least Concern, as a recent reassessment of its European population suggests that it no longer approaches the thresholds for the IUCN Red List criteria. Following a large recovery in many European countries during 1970-1990, the species continued to increase virtually everywhere during 1990-2000, including key populations in Norway and European Russia (which together hold >55% of the European population). A few small populations in extreme southeast Europe continued to decline, but these losses were outweighed by large increases farther north and west. The European population is now estimated at 5,000-6,600 pairs, encompassing 50-74% of the global population. Although some losses may be taking place in Asian Russia due to increased logging and oil industry development, these are outweighed by increases in Europe. Populations in Kazakhstan are also increasing. The species has its strongholds in Norway and Russia, and important populations in south-west Greenland (to Denmark), Sweden, Poland and Germany. Smaller numbers breed in Iceland, United Kingdom, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, the former Yugoslav states, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Moldova, Greece, Turkey, Iran, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Mongolia, mainland China, and Japan. It formerly bred in Algeria and may still do so in Iraq. It requires large and open expanses of lake, coast or river valley, within the boreal, temperate and tundra zones, nearby to undisturbed cliffs or open stands of large, old-growth trees for nesting. Its food is vertebrates (fish, mammals and especially birds), from marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments. It is mainly migratory in the north and east of its breeding range, but sedentary elsewhere. Threats that affect this species include loss and degradation of wetlands, human disturbance and persecution, environmental pollution, collision with wind generators, and indiscriminate use of poisons. Modern forestry methods reduce the availability of suitable nesting habitat. CITES Appendix I and II. CMS Appendix I and II.
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Countries:
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Native:
Afghanistan; Albania; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; China; Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Greenland; Hungary; Iceland; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Lithuania; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Moldova, Republic of; Mongolia; Montenegro; Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Pakistan; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Sweden; Switzerland; Taiwan, Province of China; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; United Kingdom; Uzbekistan
Vagrant:
Bangladesh; Belgium; Bhutan; Cyprus; Egypt; Ireland; Lebanon; Luxembourg; Malta; Myanmar; Saudi Arabia; Svalbard and Jan Mayen; Thailand; Tunisia; United States
Regionally extinct vagrant:
Portugal
Regionally extinct:
Algeria; Syrian Arab Republic
Uncertain presence and origin:
Faroe Islands; Israel; Italy; Spain; Tajikistan
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Habitat and Ecology
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System:
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Terrestrial; Freshwater; Marine
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List of Habitats:
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| 1.1 | Forest - Boreal |
| 1.4 | Forest - Temperate |
| 4.1 | Grassland - Tundra |
| 4.2 | Grassland - Subarctic |
| 5.1 | Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) |
| 5.5 | Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) |
| 5.10 | Wetlands (inland) - Tundra Wetlands (incl. pools and temporary waters from snowmelt) |
| 6 | Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks) |
| 9.1 | Marine Neritic - Pelagic |
| 9.10 | Marine Neritic - Estuaries |
| 13.1 | Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands |
| 13.4 | Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes |
| 13.5 | Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Freshwater Lakes |
| 15.1 | Artificial/Aquatic - Water Storage Areas (over 8ha) |
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Threats
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List of Threats:
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| 1.3.3.3 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Extraction - Wood - Clear-cutting (ongoing) |
| 1.9 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Unknown causes (ongoing) |
| 4.2.1 | Accidental mortality - Collision - Pylon and building collision (ongoing) |
| 5.2 | Persecution - Other (ongoing) |
| 6.3.3 | Pollution (affecting habitat and/or species) - Water pollution - Commercial/Industrial (ongoing) |
| 10.1 | Human disturbance - Recreation/tourism (ongoing) |
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Bibliography
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Bibliography:
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Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (compilers and editors) 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Bird Reference Citations. The numbers inserted in the text accounts above (usually in bold) refer to references. For further details on these references, click on the BirdLife International link above to go to the specific species account on the BirdLife web site. In some cases, particularly in the taxonomic notes, the references are cited using the author names. Details for these can be found on the BirdLife International web site at the following two places:
For References from A–L.
For References from M–Z. BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K. BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K. BirdLife International. 2005. Threatened Birds of the World 2005. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 30/04/2005. Collar, N.J. and Andrew, P. 1988. Birds to Watch. The ICBP World Checklist of Threatened Birds. ICBP Technical Publication No. 8. Page Bros. (Norwich) Ltd, Norfolk, England. Collar, N.J., Crosby, M.J. and Stattersfield, A.J. 1994. Birds to Watch 2. The World List of Threatened Birds BirdLife International. Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd, U.K. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1986. 1986 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. IUCN. 1990. 1990 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
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