The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

Epinephelus itajara

 – Critically Endangered

Classifications

List of Habitats:
9.5Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud
9.8Marine Neritic - Coral Reef
9.9Marine Neritic - Seagrass (Submerged)
9.10Marine Neritic - Estuaries
10.1Marine Oceanic - Epipelagic (0-200m)
12.1Marine Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline
12.4Marine Intertidal - Mud Flats and Salt Flats
13.4Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes
List of Threats:
1.1.6Habitat Loss/Degradation - Agriculture - Marine aquaculture (ongoing)
1.1.7Habitat Loss/Degradation - Agriculture - Freshwater aquaculture (ongoing)
1.3.2.1Habitat Loss/Degradation - Extraction - Fisheries - Subsistence (ongoing)
1.3.2.2Habitat Loss/Degradation - Extraction - Fisheries - Artisinal/small-scale (ongoing)
3.1.1Harvesting (hunting/gathering) - Food - Subsistence use/local trade (ongoing)
3.1.2Harvesting (hunting/gathering) - Food - Sub-national/national trade (ongoing)
4.1.1.1Accidental mortality - Bycatch - Fisheries-related - Hooking (present, future)
8.5Changes in native species dynamics - Pathogens/parasites (ongoing)
9.2Intrinsic factors - Poor recruitment/reproduction/regeneration (ongoing)
9.7Intrinsic factors - Slow growth rates (ongoing)
10.1Human disturbance - Recreation/tourism (ongoing)
List of Conservation Actions:
1.1.1Policy-based actions - Management plans - Development (in place, needed)
1.1.2Policy-based actions - Management plans - Implementation (in place, needed)
1.2.1.2Policy-based actions - Legislation - Development - National level (in place, needed)
1.2.1.3Policy-based actions - Legislation - Development - Sub-national level (in place, needed)
1.2.2.2Policy-based actions - Legislation - Implementation - National level (in place, needed)
1.2.2.3Policy-based actions - Legislation - Implementation - Sub-national level (in place, needed)
2.1Communication and Education - Formal education (in place, needed)
2.2Communication and Education - Awareness (in place, needed)
3.1Research actions - Taxonomy (in place)
3.2Research actions - Population numbers and range (in place, needed)
3.3Research actions - Biology and Ecology (in place, needed)
3.4Research actions - Habitat status (in place, needed)
3.5Research actions - Threats (in place, needed)
3.6Research actions - Uses and harvest levels (in place, needed)
3.8Research actions - Conservation measures (in place, needed)
3.9Research actions - Trends/Monitoring (in place, needed)
4.1Habitat and site-based actions - Maintenance/Conservation (in place, needed)
4.4.1Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Identification of new protected areas (in place, needed)
4.4.2Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Establishment (in place, needed)
4.4.3Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Management (in place, needed)
4.4.4Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Expansion (in place, needed)
5.4Species-based actions - Recovery management (in place, needed)
5.7.1Species-based actions - Ex situ conservation actions - Captive breeding/Artificial propagation (in place, needed)

Citation: Chan Tak-Chuen, T. & Padovani Ferrera, B. 2006. Epinephelus itajara. In: IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 19 August 2008.
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