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Abutilon eremitopetalum
– Critically Endangered
Taxonomy
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Kingdom:
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PLANTAE
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Phylum:
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TRACHEOPHYTA
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Class:
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MAGNOLIOPSIDA
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Order:
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MALVALES
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Family:
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MALVACEAE
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Scientific Name:
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Abutilon eremitopetalum
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Species Authority:
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Caum
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Common Name/s:
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| English | — | HIDDEN-PETALED ABUTILON, HIDDENPETAL INDIAN MALLOW |
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Assessment Information
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Red List Category & Criteria:
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CR B2ab(iii) ver 3.1 (2001)
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Year Assessed:
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2003
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Assessor/s:
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Bruegmann, M.M. & Caraway, V.
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Evaluator/s:
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Maunder, M. (Plant Conservation Committee) & Dickinson, T. (Red List Programme Office)
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Justification:
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A perennial shrub endemic to the windward side of the island of Lanai. Only one subpopulation of 100 plants is currently known in an area of less than 10 km². When first discovered in 1987, this subpopulation consisted of 60–70 plants, but by the mid-1990s it had been more than halved. However, the population was subsequently fenced to protect the plants from introduced deer, and although there was abundant recruitment within the exclosure for a time, numbers undergo extreme fluctuations. There is also continuing decline due to the impacts of the deer, introduced mouflon sheep and alien plants, hence the listing as Critically Endangered.
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Geographic Range
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Range Description:
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Confined to a single site on the windward side of the island of Lanai. Known from one subpopulation containing 100 mature individuals. The extent of occurrence is less than 10 km².
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Countries:
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Native:
United States (Hawaiian Is.)
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Population
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Population Trend:
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Habitat and Ecology
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Habitat and Ecology:
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A perennial shrub of dry forests and shrublands in gulches.
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System:
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Terrestrial
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List of Habitats:
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| 1.5 | Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry |
| 3.5 | Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry |
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Threats
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Threats:
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Introduced deer, moufflon sheep, and invasive alien plants constitute the main threats. Overgrazing by cattle was also a problem in the past. Dry habitats in Hawaii have reduced by 90% from their original distribution and continue to decline dramatically.
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List of Threats:
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| 1.1.1.3 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Agriculture - Crops - Agro-industry farming (past) |
| 1.1.4.3 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Agriculture - Livestock - Agro-industry (past) |
| 1.2.1 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Land management of non-agricultural areas - Abandonment (present, future) |
| 1.5 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Invasive alien species (ongoing) |
| 1.6 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Change in native species dynamics (ongoing) |
| 2.1 | Invasive alien species (directly affecting the species) - Competitors (ongoing) |
| 2.2 | Invasive alien species (directly affecting the species) - Predators (ongoing) |
| 2.3 | Invasive alien species (directly affecting the species) - Hybridizers (future) |
| 7.1 | Natural disasters - Drought (present, future) |
| 9.9 | Intrinsic factors - Restricted range (present, future) |
| 10.5 | Human disturbance - Fire (ongoing) |
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Conservation Actions
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Conservation Actions:
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A. eremitopetalum is federally and state-listed as an endangered species.
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List of Conservation Actions:
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| 1.1.1 | Policy-based actions - Management plans - Development (in place, needed) |
| 1.1.2 | Policy-based actions - Management plans - Implementation (needed) |
| 1.2.1.2 | Policy-based actions - Legislation - Development - National level (in place) |
| 1.2.1.3 | Policy-based actions - Legislation - Development - Sub-national level (in place) |
| 2.2 | Communication and Education - Awareness (needed) |
| 2.3 | Communication and Education - Capacity-building/Training (needed) |
| 3.3 | Research actions - Biology and Ecology (needed) |
| 3.8 | Research actions - Conservation measures (in place, needed) |
| 3.9 | Research actions - Trends/Monitoring (in place, needed) |
| 4.1 | Habitat and site-based actions - Maintenance/Conservation (needed) |
| 4.2 | Habitat and site-based actions - Restoration (needed) |
| 4.4.1 | Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Identification of new protected areas (needed) |
| 4.4.2 | Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Establishment (needed) |
| 4.4.3 | Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Management (needed) |
| 5.1 | Species-based actions - Re-introductions (needed) |
| 5.3.2 | Species-based actions - Sustainable use - Trade management (needed) |
| 5.7.1 | Species-based actions - Ex situ conservation actions - Captive breeding/Artificial propagation (in place, needed) |
| 5.7.2 | Species-based actions - Ex situ conservation actions - Genome resource bank (in place, needed) |
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Bibliography
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Bibliography:
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NatureServe. 2003. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 1.8. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. (Accessed: October 17, 2003). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2003. Rare plant database. Unpublished. Wagner, W., Herbst, D. and Sohmer S. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Special Publication 91: 1-1918.
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