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Pygoscelis papua
– Near Threatened
Taxonomy
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Kingdom:
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ANIMALIA
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Phylum:
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CHORDATA
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Class:
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AVES
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Order:
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SPHENISCIFORMES
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Family:
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SPHENISCIDAE
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Scientific Name:
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Pygoscelis papua
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Species Authority:
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(Forster, 1781)
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Common Name/s:
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GENTOO PENGUIN (Eng)
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Assessment Information
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Red List Category & Criteria:
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NT ver 3.1 (2001)
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Year Assessed:
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2004
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Assessor/s:
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BirdLife International
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Evaluator/s:
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Stattersfield, A., Butchart, S. (BirdLife International Red List Authority) & Croxall, J. (British Antarctic Survey)
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Justification:
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Nearly qualifies for listing as threatened under criteria A2bcd+3bcd.
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History:
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| 1988 | - | Lower Risk/least concern (BirdLife International 2004) |
| 1994 | - | Lower Risk/least concern (BirdLife International 2004) |
| 2000 | - | Lower Risk/near threatened (BirdLife International 2000) |
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Geographic Range
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Range Description:
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Pygoscelis papua breeds on South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (to UK), the Falkland Islands (to UK), the South Orkney and South Shetland Islands, Prince Edward and Marion Islands (South Africa), Crozet and Kerguelen Islands (French Southern Territories), Heard Island (Heard and McDonald Islands [to Australia]) and Macquarie Island (Australia), and the Antarctic Peninsula. The total (minimum) population has been estimated at 314,000 pairs6. Populations on the Antarctic Peninsula (25% of the total) are increasing at most sites, some (e.g. Signy Island) have doubled in the last 20 years3. Conversely, populations at sub-Antarctic islands (75% of the total) may have decreased substantially. For example, populations at Bird Island (the only monitored population at South Georgia - 33% of the total) decreased by c.67% over the last 25 years4, at Marion Island (3% of the total) by 11% over the period 1994-19971 and on the Falklands (21% of the total) by c.45% from 1932/33-1995/952. More recent surveys on the Falklands have shown the population to have increased from 65,000 pairs in 1995-96 to 113,000 pairs in 20007, whilst a suggested increase at Macquarie needs confirming5. Threats include disturbance by humans, local pollution, and potential interactions with fisheries5.
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Countries:
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Native:
Antarctica; Argentina; Australia; Falkland Islands (Malvinas); French Southern Territories (Crozet Is., Kerguelen); Heard Island and McDonald Islands; South Africa (Marion-Prince Edward Is.); South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Vagrant:
New Zealand; Saint Helena
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Habitat and Ecology
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System:
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Terrestrial; Marine
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List of Habitats:
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| 4.3 | Grassland - Subantarctic |
| 10.1 | Marine Oceanic - Epipelagic (0-200m) |
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Threats
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List of Threats:
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| 1.3.2.3 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Extraction - Fisheries - Large-scale/industrial (ongoing) |
| 4.1.1.2 | Accidental mortality - Bycatch - Fisheries-related - Netting (ongoing) |
| 6.2.7 | Pollution (affecting habitat and/or species) - Land pollution - Unknown (ongoing) |
| 10.1 | Human disturbance - Recreation/tourism (ongoing) |
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Bibliography
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Bibliography:
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Bird Reference Citations. The numbers inserted in the text accounts above (usually in bold) refer to references. For further details on these references, click on the BirdLife International link above to go to the specific species account on the BirdLife web site. In some cases, particularly in the taxonomic notes, the references are cited using the author names. Details for these can be found on the BirdLife International web site at the following two places:
For References from A–L.
For References from M–Z. BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K. BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.
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