The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

Manta birostris

 – Near Threatened

Classifications

List of Habitats:
9.2Marine Neritic - Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs
9.8Marine Neritic - Coral Reef
10.1Marine Oceanic - Epipelagic (0-200m)
13.4Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes
List of Threats:
3.1.1Harvesting (hunting/gathering) - Food - Subsistence use/local trade (ongoing)
3.1.2Harvesting (hunting/gathering) - Food - Sub-national/national trade (ongoing)
3.1.3Harvesting (hunting/gathering) - Food - Regional/international trade (ongoing)
3.2.3Harvesting (hunting/gathering) - Medicine - Regional/international trade (ongoing)
3.4.3Harvesting (hunting/gathering) - Materials - Regional/international trade (ongoing)
4.1.1.1Accidental mortality - Bycatch - Fisheries-related - Hooking (ongoing)
4.1.1.2Accidental mortality - Bycatch - Fisheries-related - Netting (ongoing)
4.1.1.3Accidental mortality - Bycatch - Fisheries-related - Entanglement (ongoing)
9.1Intrinsic factors - Limited dispersal (ongoing)
9.2Intrinsic factors - Poor recruitment/reproduction/regeneration (ongoing)
9.7Intrinsic factors - Slow growth rates (ongoing)
9.9Intrinsic factors - Restricted range (ongoing)
9.11Intrinsic factors - Unknown (ongoing)
10.1Human disturbance - Recreation/tourism (ongoing)
List of Conservation Actions:
1.2.1.1Policy-based actions - Legislation - Development - International level (needed)
1.2.1.2Policy-based actions - Legislation - Development - National level (in place, needed)
1.2.1.3Policy-based actions - Legislation - Development - Sub-national level (in place, needed)
1.2.2.1Policy-based actions - Legislation - Implementation - International level (needed)
1.2.2.2Policy-based actions - Legislation - Implementation - National level (in place, needed)
1.2.2.3Policy-based actions - Legislation - Implementation - Sub-national level (in place, needed)
1.3.3Policy-based actions - Community management - Livelihood alternatives (needed)
2.1Communication and Education - Formal education (needed)
2.2Communication and Education - Awareness (needed)
2.3Communication and Education - Capacity-building/Training (needed)
3.1Research actions - Taxonomy (in place, needed)
3.2Research actions - Population numbers and range (in place, needed)
3.3Research actions - Biology and Ecology (in place, needed)
3.4Research actions - Habitat status (in place, needed)
3.5Research actions - Threats (in place, needed)
3.6Research actions - Uses and harvest levels (in place, needed)
3.8Research actions - Conservation measures (needed)
3.9Research actions - Trends/Monitoring (in place, needed)
4.1Habitat and site-based actions - Maintenance/Conservation (needed)
4.3Habitat and site-based actions - Corridors (needed)
4.4.1Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Identification of new protected areas (needed)
4.4.2Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Establishment (needed)
4.4.3Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Management (needed)
4.5Habitat and site-based actions - Community-based initiatives (needed)
5.3.1Species-based actions - Sustainable use - Harvest management (needed)
5.3.2Species-based actions - Sustainable use - Trade management (needed)

Citation: Marshall, A., Ishihara, H., Dudley, S.F.J., Clark, T.B., Jorgensen, S., Smith, W.D. & Bizzarro, J.J. 2006. Manta birostris. In: IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 04 July 2008.
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