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Amphibian Data. For additional documentation about utilization and CITES status, click on the Global Amphibian Assessment (GAA) link above to see the GAA account for this species or alternatively follow this link to the search function on the Global Amphibian Assessment web site and run your own search. Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. 1979. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 743 pp. Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. 2001. An Atlas of the Distribution of U.S. Amphibians. Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA. Blaustein, A.R., Hoffman, P.D., Hokit, D.G., Kiesecker, J.M., Walls, S.C. and Hays, J.B. 1994. UV repair and resistance to solar UV-B in amphibian eggs: a link to population declines. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 91: 1791-1795. Campbell, J.B. and Degenhardt, W.G. 1971. Bufo boreas boreas in New Mexico. Herpetologica 9: 157-160. Carey, C. 1993. Hypothesis concerning the causes of the disappearance of boreal toads from the mountains of Colorado. Conservation Biology 7(2): 355-362. Corn, P.S. and Muths, E. 2002. Variable breeding phenology affects the exposure of amphibian embryos to ultraviolet radiation. Ecology 83: 2958-2963. Corn, P.S. and Vertucci, F.A. 1992. Descriptive risk assessment of the effects of acidic deposition on Rocky Mountain amphibians. Journal of Herpetology 26: 361-369. Corn, P.S., Stolzenburg, W. and Bury, R.B. 1989. Acid precipitation studies in Colorado and Wyoming: interim report of surveys of montane amphibians and water chemistry. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 80(40.26): 56 pp. Drost, C.A. and Fellers, G.M. 1996. Collapse of a regional frog fauna in the Yosemite area of the California Sierra Nevada, USA. Conservation Biology 10: 414-425. Frost, D.R. (ed.) 1985. Amphibian Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press and the Association of Systematic Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. Green, D.M. (ed.) 1997. Amphibians in Decline: Canadian Studies of a Global Problem. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Herpetological Conservation No. 1. Hailman, J.P. 1984. Bimodal nocturnal activity of the western toad (Bufo boreas) in relation to ambient temperature. Copeia 1984: 283-290. Hammerson, G.A. 1982. Amphibians and Reptiles in Colorado. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver, Denver. Hammerson, G.A. 1989. A field survey of amphibians in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, August 1989. Report to the Colorado Division of Wildlife and the Colorado Natural Areas Program. Hammerson, G.A. 1992. Field surveys of amphibians in the mountains of Colorado, 1991. IReport to the Colorado Division of Wildlife and Colorado Field Office of The Nature Conservancy. Hammerson, G.A. 1999. Amphibians and reptiles in Colorado. Second edition. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. Herreid, II, C.F. 1963. Range extension of Bufo boreas. Herpetologica 19: 218-219. Hodge, R.P. 1976. Amphibians and Reptiles in Alaska, the Yukon and Northwest Territories. Alaska Northwest Publishing Company, Anchorage, Alaska. Johnson, P.T.J., Lunde, K.B., Haight, R.W., Bowerman, J. and Blaustein, A.R. 2001. Ribeiroia ondatrae (Trematoda: Digenea) infection induces severe limb malformations in western toads (Bufo boreas). Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 370-379. Kiesecker, J.M. and Blaustein, A.R. 1997. Influences of egg laying behavior on pathogenic infection of amphibian eggs. Conservation Biology 11: 214-220. Kiesecker, J.M., Blaustein, A.R. and Miller, C.L. 2001. Transfer of a pathogen from fish to amphibians. Conservation Biology 15: 1064-1070. Livo, L.J. and Yeakley, D. 1997. Comparison of current with historical elevational range in the boreal toad, Bufo boreas. Herpetological Review 28: 143-144. Muths, E. and Nanjappa, P. 2005. Western Toad. Bufo boreas Baird and Girard, 1852. In: M.J. Lannoo (ed.), Status and Conservation of U.S. Amphibians. Volume 2: Species Accounts, pp. 64-83. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. Muths, E., Corn, P.S., Pessier, A.P. and Green, D.E. 2003. Evidence for disease related amphibian decline in Colorado. Biological Conservation 110: 357-365. NNHP 1999. Nevada Natural Heritage Program Database. NNHP, Carson City, Nevada. Nussbaum, R.A., Brodie, Jr., E.D. and Storm, R.M. 1983. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Pacific Northwest. University Press of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA. Oliver, G.A. 1997. Inventory of sensitive species and ecosystems in Utah. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Salt Lake City, Utah. Olson, D.H. 1989. Predation on breeding western toads (Bufo boreas). Copeia 1989: 391-397. Olson, D.H. 1992. Ecological susceptibility of high elevation Oregon anuran amphibians to population fluctuations. Abstract, 6th Annual Meeting of the Society for Conservation Biology : p. 102. Peterson, C.R., Koch, E.D. and Corn, P.S. 1992. Monitoring amphibian populations in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. Unpublished Report to Univ. Wyo. Natl. Park Serv. Res. Center. Reichel, J.D. and Flath, D. 1995. Identification of Montana's amphibians and reptiles. Montana Outdoors 26(3): 15-34. Ross, D.A., Esque, T.C., Fridell, R.A. and Hovingh, P. 1995. Historical distribution, current status, and a range extension of Bufo boreas in Utah. Herpetological Review 26: 187-189. Samallow, P.B. 1980. Selective mortality and reproduction in a natural population of Bufo boreas. Evolution 34(1): 18-39. Smits, A.W. 1984. Activity patterns and thermal biology of the toad Bufo boreas halophilus. Copeia 1984: 689-696. Stebbins, R.C. 1985. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. Second Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. Welsh Jr., H.H., Hodgson, G.R. and Lind, A.J. 2005. Ecogeography of the herpetofauna of a northern Californian watershed: linking species patterns to landscape processes. Ecography 28: 521-536. Wiedmer, M. and Hodge, R.P. 1996. Geographic distribution: Bufo boreas. Herpetological Review 27: 148.
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