Bufo periglenes

– Extinct

Taxonomy

Kingdom:	ANIMALIA
Phylum:	CHORDATA
Class:	AMPHIBIA
Order:	ANURA
Family:	BUFONIDAE
Scientific Name:	Bufo periglenes
Species Authority:	Savage, 1967
Common Name/s:	ALAJUELA TOAD (Eng) GOLDEN TOAD (Eng) MONTE VERDE TOAD (Eng) ORANGE TOAD (Eng) CRAPAUD DORÉ (Fre) SAPO DORADO DE MONTEVERDE (Spa) SAPO DORADO (Spa)

Assessment Information

Red List Category & Criteria:

EX ver 3.1 (2001)

Year Assessed:

2004

Assessor/s:

Pounds, A. & Savage, J.

Evaluator/s:

Stuart, S., Chanson, J., Cox, N. & Young, B. (Global Amphibian Assessment Coordinating Team)

Justification:

Listed as Extinct because it has not been recorded since 1989, and extensive searches since then have failed to locate this species.

History:

1986	-	Endangered (IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre 1986)
1988	-	Endangered (IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre 1988)
1990	-	Endangered (IUCN 1990)
1994	-	Endangered (Groombridge 1994)
1996	-	Critically Endangered (Baillie and Groombridge 1996)

Geographic Range

Range Description:	This species was known only from the Reserva Biológica Monteverde, Costa Rica, at elevations of 1,500-1,620 m asl.
Range Map:	(click for detailed map)
Countries:	Regionally extinct: Costa Rica

Population

Population:

Formerly a common species, no specimen has been seen since 1989. It last bred in normal numbers in 1987, and its breeding sites were well known. In 1988, only eight males and two females could be located. In 1989, a single male was found, and was the last record of the species. Extensive searches since this time have failed to produce any more records.

Habitat and Ecology

Habitat and Ecology:

It lived in cloud and elfin forest, and bred in temporary pools at the beginning of the rainy season.

System:

Terrestrial; Freshwater; Marine

List of Habitats:

1.9	Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
5.8	Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)

Threats

Threats:

Its restricted range, global warming, chytridiomycosis and airborne pollution probably contributed to this species' extinction.

List of Threats:

6.1.1	Pollution (affecting habitat and/or species) - Atmospheric pollution - Global warming/oceanic warming (ongoing)
6.1.5	Pollution (affecting habitat and/or species) - Atmospheric pollution - Other (ongoing)
8.5	Changes in native species dynamics - Pathogens/parasites (ongoing)
9.9	Intrinsic factors - Restricted range (ongoing)

Conservation Actions

Conservation Actions:

Its entire range was protected by the Reserva Biológica Monteverde.

List of Conservation Actions:

0	No conservation actions (in place, needed)

Bibliography

Bibliography:

Amphibian Data. For additional documentation about utilization and CITES status, click on the Global Amphibian Assessment (GAA) link above to see the GAA account for this species or alternatively follow this link to the search function on the Global Amphibian Assessment web site and run your own search.

Crump, M.L. 1989. Life history consequences of feeding versus non-feeding in a facultatively non-feeding toad larva. Oecologia 78: 486-489.

Crump, M.L., Hensley, F.R. and Clark, K.L. 1992. Apparent decline of the golden toad: Underground or extinct?. Copeia 1992: 413-420.

Groombridge, B. (ed.) 1994. 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1986. 1986 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1988. 1988 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

IUCN. 1990. 1990 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Jacobson, S.K. and Vandenberg, J.J. 1991. Reproductive ecology of the endangered golden toad (Bufo periglenes). Journal of Herpetology 25: 321-327.

Pounds, J.A. and Crump, M.L. 1994. Amphibian declines and climate disturbance: The case of the golden toad and the harlequin frog. Conservation Biology 8: 72-85.

Pounds, J.A., Fogden, M.P.L. and Campbell, J.H. 1999. Biological response to climate change on a tropical mountain. Nature 398: 611-615.

Pounds, J.A., Fogden, M.P.L., Savage, J.M. and Gorman, G.C. 1997. Tests of null models for amphibian declines on a tropical mountain. Conservation Biology 11: 1307-1322.

Savage, J.M. 1966. An extraordinary new toad (Bufo) from Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 14: 153-167.

Savage, J.M. 2002. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna between two Continents, between two Seas. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.

Citation:	Pounds, A. & Savage, J. 2004. Bufo periglenes. In: IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 09 May 2008.
Disclaimer:	To make use of this information, please check the Copyright and Data Disclaimer.
Feedback:	If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please fill in the feedback form so that we can correct or extend the information provided.