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Sandelia bainsii
– Endangered
Taxonomy
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Kingdom:
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ANIMALIA
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Phylum:
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CHORDATA
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Class:
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ACTINOPTERYGII
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Order:
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PERCIFORMES
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Family:
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ANABANTIDAE
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Scientific Name:
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Sandelia bainsii
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Species Authority:
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Castelnau, 1861
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Common Name/s:
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EASTERN CAPE ROCKY (Eng)
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Taxonomic Notes:
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Genetic work has shown that there are two management units, those in the Great Fish and Kowie Rivers and those in the Buffalo River area.
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Assessment Information
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Red List Category & Criteria:
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EN B1b(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii) ver 3.1 (2001)
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Year Assessed:
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2007
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Assessor/s:
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Cambray, J.
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Evaluator/s:
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Tweddle, D., Bills, R. (Freshwater Fish Red List Authority) & Darwall, W. (Freshwater Biodiversity Assessment Unit)
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Justification:
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The Kowie River population is almost extirpated. Great Fish River populations are under threat from the alien invasive Clarias gariepinus which is spreading, small populations in the Gulu and Igoda Rivers are threatened by agriculture, and the population in Yellowwoods River of the Buffalo River system is threatened by interbasin transfer bringing alien invasives. The Nahoon River population is almost extirpated. The population is severely fragmented (subpopulations occur at Kowie, Koonap, Kat (Great Fish), Tyume (Keiskamma), Igoda, Gulu, Yellowwoods (Buffalo), and Nahoon). Extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km², and area of occupancy (AOO) has been reduced (e.g., in Kowie the area occupied by the species may be less than 1 km² (based on 1 km grid overlay and current quality of habitat). Only two viable subpopulations exist: Kat and Yellowwoods. The other subpopulations are not viable for the long term. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented (more than 50% of locations are probably non-viable at present). Only five locations remain, thus the species qualifies for Endangered under criterion B.
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History:
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| 1988 | - | Vulnerable (IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre 1988) |
| 1990 | - | Vulnerable (IUCN 1990) |
| 1994 | - | Endangered (Groombridge 1994) |
| 1996 | - | Endangered (Baillie and Groombridge 1996) |
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Geographic Range
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Range Description:
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Nahoon, Buffalo, Igoda, Gulu,Keiskamma, Great Fish, Kowie Rivers all in the Eastern Cape South Africa.
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Range Map:
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 (click for detailed map)
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Countries:
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Native:
South Africa (Eastern Cape Province)
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Population
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Population:
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Not known but decreasing and almost extirpated in the Kowie and Nahoon Rivers. Estimated numbers in the Gulu and Igoda Rivers less than 100 mature fish.
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Population Trend:
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Habitat and Ecology
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Habitat and Ecology:
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Occurs in rocky streams, favouring marginal habitats where the current is slow (Skelton 2001). A predator on insects, crabs and small fish, it holes up in crevices and waits for prey to pass by. Breeds in summer, males make a nest and after spawning guard the developing eggs and young fish.
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System:
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Freshwater
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List of Habitats:
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| 5.1 | Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) |
| 5.2 | Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular Rivers/Streams/Creeks |
| 5.5 | Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) |
| 5.6 | Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) |
| 5.7 | Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) |
| 5.8 | Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) |
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Threats
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Threats:
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Introduced fish such as largemouth and smallmouth bass and the sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Water abstraction, interbasin transfers and siltation and water pollution.
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List of Threats:
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| 1.1.1.3 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Agriculture - Crops - Agro-industry farming (ongoing) |
| 1.1.4.2 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Agriculture - Livestock - Small-holder (ongoing) |
| 1.4.2 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Infrastructure development - Human settlement (ongoing) |
| 1.4.6 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Infrastructure development - Dams (ongoing) |
| 2.1 | Invasive alien species (directly affecting the species) - Competitors (ongoing) |
| 2.2 | Invasive alien species (directly affecting the species) - Predators (ongoing) |
| 4.1.1.1 | Accidental mortality - Bycatch - Fisheries-related - Hooking (ongoing) |
| 6.3.1 | Pollution (affecting habitat and/or species) - Water pollution - Agriculture (ongoing) |
| 6.3.2 | Pollution (affecting habitat and/or species) - Water pollution - Domestic (ongoing) |
| 6.3.7 | Pollution (affecting habitat and/or species) - Water pollution - Sediment (ongoing) |
| 6.3.8 | Pollution (affecting habitat and/or species) - Water pollution - Sewage (ongoing) |
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Conservation Actions
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Conservation Actions:
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Educational resources have been developed and distributed. A barrier is needed to bass movement in Yellowwoods river. A captive breeding programme is also needed and possibly benign introductions if viable habitats are identified within the original catchments.
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List of Conservation Actions:
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| 1.1.1 | Policy-based actions - Management plans - Development (needed) |
| 1.1.2 | Policy-based actions - Management plans - Implementation (needed) |
| 1.2.1.2 | Policy-based actions - Legislation - Development - National level (in place) |
| 1.2.1.3 | Policy-based actions - Legislation - Development - Sub-national level (in place) |
| 1.2.2.3 | Policy-based actions - Legislation - Implementation - Sub-national level (needed) |
| 1.3.2 | Policy-based actions - Community management - Resource stewardship (needed) |
| 2.1 | Communication and Education - Formal education (in place, needed) |
| 2.2 | Communication and Education - Awareness (in place, needed) |
| 2.3 | Communication and Education - Capacity-building/Training (needed) |
| 3.1 | Research actions - Taxonomy (needed) |
| 3.2 | Research actions - Population numbers and range (needed) |
| 3.3 | Research actions - Biology and Ecology (in place) |
| 3.4 | Research actions - Habitat status (needed) |
| 3.5 | Research actions - Threats (in place) |
| 3.8 | Research actions - Conservation measures (needed) |
| 3.9 | Research actions - Trends/Monitoring (needed) |
| 4.1 | Habitat and site-based actions - Maintenance/Conservation (needed) |
| 4.2 | Habitat and site-based actions - Restoration (needed) |
| 4.4.1 | Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Identification of new protected areas (needed) |
| 4.4.2 | Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Establishment (needed) |
| 4.4.3 | Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Management (needed) |
| 4.4.4 | Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Expansion (needed) |
| 4.5 | Habitat and site-based actions - Community-based initiatives (needed) |
| 5.1 | Species-based actions - Re-introductions (needed) |
| 5.2 | Species-based actions - Benign introductions (needed) |
| 5.4 | Species-based actions - Recovery management (needed) |
| 5.7.1 | Species-based actions - Ex situ conservation actions - Captive breeding/Artificial propagation (in place, needed) |
| 5.7.2 | Species-based actions - Ex situ conservation actions - Genome resource bank (needed) |
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Bibliography
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Bibliography:
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Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (compilers and editors) 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Groombridge, B. (ed.) 1994. 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1988. 1988 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. IUCN. 1990. 1990 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Skelton, P.H. 2001. A Complete Guide to the Freshwater Fishes of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.
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