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Salvadorina waigiuensis
– Vulnerable
Taxonomy
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Kingdom:
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ANIMALIA
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Phylum:
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CHORDATA
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Class:
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AVES
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Order:
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ANSERIFORMES
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Family:
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ANATIDAE
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Scientific Name:
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Salvadorina waigiuensis
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Species Authority:
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Rothschild and Hartert, 1894
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Common Name/s:
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Assessment Information
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Red List Category & Criteria:
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VU C2a(i) ver 3.1 (2001)
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Year Assessed:
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2007
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Assessor/s:
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BirdLife International
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Evaluator/s:
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Bird, J., Butchart, S. & Dutson, G. (BirdLife International Red List Authority)
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Justification:
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Although there is little information on this species, it is likely to have a small population, which may be declining through hunting and habitat degradation. it therefore qualifies as Vulnerable, although further information may show that it less threatened than this.
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History:
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| 1988 | - | Lower Risk/least concern (BirdLife International 2004) |
| 1994 | - | Vulnerable (Collar, Crosby and Stattersfield 1994) |
| 2000 | - | Vulnerable (BirdLife International 2000) |
| 2004 | - | Vulnerable (BirdLife International 2004) |
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Geographic Range
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Range Description:
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Salvadorina waigiuensis is endemic to the mountains of New Guinea (Papua, formerly Irian Jaya, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea). It is rare and local at lower altitudes, including records at 70 m in Lakekamu Basin, but occurs across the island in suitable montane habitat. There are recent records from few locations, a consequence of the inaccessibility of most of its range and the species' unobtrusive, shy and perhaps nocturnal habits 1,4,7,8. The population has been variously estimated to be 2,500-20,000 birds and stable or slowly declining5,6.
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Range Map:
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 (click for detailed map)
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Countries:
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Native:
Indonesia (Irian Jaya); Papua New Guinea
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Population
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Population Trend:
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Habitat and Ecology
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Habitat and Ecology:
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Although recorded from 70-4,100 m, this duck is uncommon below 600 m and most common at the highest altitudes1,6,7,8. It breeds beside fast-flowing rivers and streams, and alpine lakes, and has also been recorded on slow-flowing rivers6,7. Breeding territories constituted 1,600 m of stream on the Baiyer River9 but only 160 m on the Ok Menga River2. It lays clutches of two to four eggs alongside rivers or lakes in the dry season9. It is omnivorous, feeding by dabbling and diving7,9.
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System:
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Freshwater
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List of Habitats:
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| 5.1 | Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) |
| 5.5 | Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) |
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Threats
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Threats:
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Some local extirpations and declines have been attributed to hunting4,3, predation by dogs, and habitat degradation, largely through increasing human pressure and siltation, especially from hydroelectric projects, mining and logging5,10,11, but these have only impacted small areas12. The stocking of alpine rivers with exotic trout species has been suggested as a potential risk to food sources6,9.
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List of Threats:
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| 1.1.1.2 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Agriculture - Crops - Small-holder farming (ongoing) |
| 1.3.3.3 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Extraction - Wood - Clear-cutting (ongoing) |
| 1.4.10 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Infrastructure development - Unknown (ongoing) |
| 3.1.1 | Harvesting (hunting/gathering) - Food - Subsistence use/local trade (ongoing) |
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Conservation Actions
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Conservation Actions:
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Conservation measures underway:
This species is protected by law in Papua New Guinea6.
Conservation measures proposed:
Assess best survey techniques. Survey rivers in areas with varying human population pressure. Assess hunting pressure through discussion with local hunters. Survey rivers upstream and downstream of hydroelectric, mining and logging activities. Survey rivers with high numbers of trout. Research ecology on both lakes and rivers. Address hunting through public awareness programmes.
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List of Conservation Actions:
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| 2.2 | Communication and Education - Awareness (needed) |
| 3.2 | Research actions - Population numbers and range (needed) |
| 3.3 | Research actions - Biology and Ecology (needed) |
| 3.5 | Research actions - Threats (needed) |
| 3.10 | Research actions - Other (needed) |
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Bibliography
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Bibliography:
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Bird Reference Citations. The numbers inserted in the text accounts above (usually in bold) refer to references. For further details on these references, click on the BirdLife International link above to go to the specific species account on the BirdLife web site. In some cases, particularly in the taxonomic notes, the references are cited using the author names. Details for these can be found on the BirdLife International web site at the following two places:
For References from A–L.
For References from M–Z. BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K. BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K. Collar, N.J., Crosby, M.J. and Stattersfield, A.J. 1994. Birds to Watch 2. The World List of Threatened Birds BirdLife International. Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd, U.K.
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