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Platalea minor
– Endangered
Taxonomy
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Kingdom:
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ANIMALIA
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Phylum:
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CHORDATA
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Class:
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AVES
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Order:
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CICONIIFORMES
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Family:
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THRESKIORNITHIDAE
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Scientific Name:
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Platalea minor
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Species Authority:
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Temminck & Schlegel, 1849
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Common Name/s:
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| English | — | BLACK-FACED SPOONBILL |
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Assessment Information
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Red List Category & Criteria:
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EN C2a(i) ver 3.1 (2001)
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Year Assessed:
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2006
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Assessor/s:
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BirdLife International
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Evaluator/s:
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Butchart, S. & Pilgrim, J. (BirdLife International Red List Authority)
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Justification:
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This spoonbill is listed as Endangered because it has a very small population, split into several small subpopulations, that is believed to be undergoing a continuing decline due to loss of habitat to industrial development, land reclamation, and pollution. A lack of baseline data makes identifying a population trend problematic. Apparent recent increases may reflect improved observer coverage or the displacement of birds from degraded and destroyed sites.
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History:
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| 1988 | - | Threatened (Collar and Andrew 1988) |
| 1994 | - | Critically Endangered (Collar, Crosby and Stattersfield 1994) |
| 2000 | - | Endangered (BirdLife International 2000) |
| 2004 | - | Endangered (BirdLife International 2004) |
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Geographic Range
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Range Description:
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Platalea minor breeds on islets off the west coast of North Korea and South Korea, and Liaoning province in mainland China. Birds have been reported in the Tumen estuary of Russia, but breeding has not been proven. The three major wintering sites are the Tsengwen estuary of Taiwan, the Deep Bay area of Hong Kong (China), and the Red River delta, Vietnam2. It also winters in Cheju, South Korea, Kyushu and Okinawa, Japan, and Yancheng and Hainan, China, and there are recent records from Thailand, the Philippines and Macau (China). A total of 1,475 individuals were counted by the 2005 International Black-faced Spoonbill Census3.
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Range Map:
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 (click for detailed map)
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Countries:
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Native:
China (Hainan, Liaoning); Hong Kong; Japan (Kyushu, Nansei-shoto); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Macao; Russian Federation; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet Nam
Vagrant:
Brunei Darussalam; Philippines
Regionally extinct:
Cambodia
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Population
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Population Trend:
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Habitat and Ecology
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Habitat and Ecology:
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It breeds in mixed colonies on small islands. Breeding success is low. It winters on tidal mudflats. Satellite tracking has shown that birds wintering in Hong Kong and Taiwan migrate along the coast of eastern China to northern Jiangsu, then over the Yellow Sea to the Korean peninsula.
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System:
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Freshwater
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List of Habitats:
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| 12.4 | Marine Intertidal - Mud Flats and Salt Flats |
| 13.1 | Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands |
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Threats
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Threats:
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Habitat destruction is probably the biggest threat. The main wintering grounds are threatened by industrial development, particularly a key site in Taiwan and also in China, and reclamation, especially in South Korea, Japan and China. Economic development in China has converted many coastal wetlands into aquaculture ponds and industrial estates. Pollution is a major threat to birds wintering in Hong Kong. An outbreak of botulism at one of the major wintering sites killed 73 birds from December 2002 to February 20031,2. Increasing levels of disturbance and also hunting are threats in China and Vietnam. Fishers in China collect waterbird eggs at a nesting site.
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List of Threats:
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| 1.1.7 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Agriculture - Freshwater aquaculture (timing unknown) |
| 1.4.1 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Infrastructure development - Industry (ongoing) |
| 3.1.1 | Harvesting (hunting/gathering) - Food - Subsistence use/local trade (ongoing) |
| 6.2.3 | Pollution (affecting habitat and/or species) - Land pollution - Commercial/Industrial (ongoing) |
| 10.6 | Human disturbance - Other (ongoing) |
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Conservation Actions
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Conservation Actions:
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Conservation measures underway:
It is legally protected in China (including Hong Kong), Taiwan, North Korea, South Korea and Japan. Breeding sites in North Korea, at Taegam-do, Unmu-do, Sonchonrap-do and Tok-do, are designated as seabird sanctuaries and sites in China have been declared as non-hunting areas. Protected wintering sites include Mai Po and Inner Deep Bay (Hong Kong), Xuan Thuy and Tien Hai (Vietnam), and Manko (Japan). An action plan was published in 1995 and workshops involving all major range countries were held in 1996 and 1997. Education material, satellite tracking and field survey results and management recommendation have been produced.
Conservation measures proposed:
Survey coastal wetlands in China for additional wintering sites. Ensure full protection of the wintering site at Tainan (Taiwan), new breeding sites in China, important wetland sites along the western and southern coast of South Korea, and wintering sites at Hakata Bay and Ariake Bay, Japan. Develop management plans and education programmes for all sites.
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List of Conservation Actions:
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| 1.1.1 | Policy-based actions - Management plans - Development (needed) |
| 2.2 | Communication and Education - Awareness (needed) |
| 3.2 | Research actions - Population numbers and range (needed) |
| 4.4.1 | Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Identification of new protected areas (needed) |
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Bibliography
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Bibliography:
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Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (compilers and editors) 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Bird Reference Citations. The numbers inserted in the text accounts above (usually in bold) refer to references. For further details on these references, click on the BirdLife International link above to go to the specific species account on the BirdLife web site. In some cases, particularly in the taxonomic notes, the references are cited using the author names. Details for these can be found on the BirdLife International web site at the following two places:
For References from A–L.
For References from M–Z. BirdLife International 2006. Threatened Birds of the World 2006. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 04/05/2006. BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K. BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K. Collar, N.J. and Andrew, P. 1988. Birds to Watch. The ICBP World Checklist of Threatened Birds. ICBP Technical Publication No. 8. Page Bros. (Norwich) Ltd, Norfolk, England. Collar, N.J., Crosby, M.J. and Stattersfield, A.J. 1994. Birds to Watch 2. The World List of Threatened Birds BirdLife International. Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd, U.K. IUCN. 1990. 1990 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
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