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Pipile jacutinga
– Endangered
Taxonomy
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Kingdom:
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ANIMALIA
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Phylum:
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CHORDATA
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Class:
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AVES
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Order:
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GALLIFORMES
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Family:
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CRACIDAE
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Scientific Name:
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Pipile jacutinga
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Species Authority:
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(Spix, 1825)
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Common Name/s:
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BLACK-FRONTED PIPING-GUAN (Eng)
PÉNÉLOPE SIFFLEUSE (Fre)
PÉNÉLOPE À FRONT NOIR (Fre)
PÉNÉLOPE À PLASTRON (Fre)
PAVA YACUTINGA (Spa)
YACUTINGÁ FRENTINEGRA (Spa)
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Assessment Information
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Red List Category & Criteria:
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EN A2cd+3cd ver 3.1 (2001)
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Year Assessed:
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2004
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Assessor/s:
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BirdLife International
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Evaluator/s:
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Wege, D., Benstead, P. & Butchart, S. (BirdLife International Red List Authority)
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Justification:
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This species has been uplisted to Endangered because there has been a very rapid and continuing reduction in numbers. Despite once being abundant, extensive habitat loss and heavy hunting pressure have extirpated the species from large parts of its former range and now its (presumably small) population is mostly confined to a few protected areas.
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History:
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| 1988 | - | Threatened (Collar and Andrew 1988) |
| 1994 | - | Vulnerable (Collar, Crosby and Stattersfield 1994) |
| 2000 | - | Vulnerable (BirdLife International 2000) |
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Geographic Range
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Range Description:
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Pipile jacutinga populations have declined very steeply in Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, and virtually to extinction in the north and south of its range. Most remaining populations are concentrated in São Paulo and Paraná5,6 with some in Santa Catarina, Brazil7. In São Paulo, it is thinly scattered over the eastern mountains of Serra do Mar and Serra de Paranapiacaba, and its stronghold lies in the contiguous Intervales, Carlos Botelho and Alto Ribeira State Parks11, where the population is estimated at over 2,000 individuals12. Isolated populations may remain in Minas Gerais, but there are no post-1979 records from Bahia, Espírito Santo or Rio de Janeiro. A small population has recently been found in 17,491 ha Turvo State Park, Rio Grande do Sul9. It was widespread in Paraguay, but the population is now estimated at 870-1,515 birds, with c.600 at Mbaracayú and the remainder at seven additional sites4. In Argentina, 43 birds were recorded at seven or more sites in Misiones in 19931 and numbers remain high15, but it is almost certainly extinct in Corrientes.
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Range Map:
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 (click for detailed map)
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Countries:
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Native:
Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay
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Population
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Population Trend:
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Habitat and Ecology
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Habitat and Ecology:
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It inhabits lowland humid forest (in Argentina almost exclusively riverine forest1) but, in Brazil, it occurs in coastal mountains to 900 m 5,6, perhaps with some altitudinal and latitudinal movements8. A strong association with the forest palm Euterpe edulis has been postulated but, in São Paulo, it feeds on fruit of 41 species5 and occurs where E. edulis is absent3,4,5. In Paraguay, the palm Syagrus romanzoffiana may form a seasonal staple4. In Misiones, birds possibly supplement their diet by feeding on invertebrates along watercourses16.
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System:
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Terrestrial
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List of Habitats:
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| 1.6 | Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland |
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Threats
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Threats:
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Main threats are hunting and extensive habitat destruction. In São Paulo, hunting, continued dam construction and conversion to plantation agriculture have brought it to the brink of extinction5. At Tabuleiro State Park, Santa Catarina, poaching levels are extremely high10. Many areas in Brazil are under pressure from the illegal harvesting of palm-hearts, and Intervales has been invaded by Mbyá Indians who hunt, harvest palms and have cleared primary forest formerly used by guans13. Other localities, such as Serra do Mar and Ilhabela state parks suffer from increased poaching because of the dwindling number of park guards14.
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List of Threats:
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| 1.1.3 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Agriculture - Non-timber plantations (ongoing) |
| 1.3.3.2 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Extraction - Wood - Selective logging (ongoing) |
| 1.3.4 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Extraction - Non-woody vegetation collection (ongoing) |
| 1.4.10 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Infrastructure development - Unknown (ongoing) |
| 3.1 | Harvesting (hunting/gathering) - Food (ongoing) |
| 3.5 | Harvesting (hunting/gathering) - Cultural/scientific/leisure activities (ongoing) |
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Conservation Actions
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Conservation Actions:
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Conservation measures underway:
CITES Appendix I and protected under Brazilian law. It occurs in Intervales State Park and surrounding reserves5, Serra do Tabuleiro State Park (Brazil)7, Iguazú National Park, Urugua-í Provincial Park, Yabotí and Cuña-Pirú Provincial Reserves (Argentina)3, Mbaracayú Forest Nature Reserve and San Rafael National Park (Paraguay)4. There are several captive-breeding programmes, with four birds released in 19982.
Conservation measures proposed:
Survey Ybytyruzú National Park, Itabó and Limoy Biological Reserves, the Sierra de San Joaquín, and forests in San Pedro department, Paraguay4. Monitor populations in the Serra do Mar and Mbaracayú. Ensure protection of key areas in the Serra do Mar5. Enforce anti-poaching measures4. Initiate awareness campaigns.
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List of Conservation Actions:
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| 2.2 | Communication and Education - Awareness (needed) |
| 3.2 | Research actions - Population numbers and range (needed) |
| 3.9 | Research actions - Trends/Monitoring (needed) |
| 4.4.1 | Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Identification of new protected areas (needed) |
| 5.3.2 | Species-based actions - Sustainable use - Trade management (needed) |
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Bibliography
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Bibliography:
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Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (compilers and editors) 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Bird Reference Citations. The numbers inserted in the text accounts above (usually in bold) refer to references. For further details on these references, click on the BirdLife International link above to go to the specific species account on the BirdLife web site. In some cases, particularly in the taxonomic notes, the references are cited using the author names. Details for these can be found on the BirdLife International web site at the following two places:
For References from A–L.
For References from M–Z. BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K. BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K. Collar, N.J. and Andrew, P. 1988. Birds to Watch. The ICBP World Checklist of Threatened Birds. ICBP Technical Publication No. 8. Page Bros. (Norwich) Ltd, Norfolk, England. Collar, N.J., Crosby, M.J. and Stattersfield, A.J. 1994. Birds to Watch 2. The World List of Threatened Birds BirdLife International. Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd, U.K. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1986. 1986 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. IUCN. 1990. 1990 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
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