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Pan troglodytes ssp. troglodytes
– Endangered
Taxonomy
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Kingdom:
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ANIMALIA
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Phylum:
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CHORDATA
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Class:
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MAMMALIA
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Order:
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PRIMATES
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Family:
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HOMINIDAE
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Scientific Name:
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Pan troglodytes ssp. troglodytes
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Infra-specific Authority:
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(Blumenbach, 1799)
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Common Name/s:
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CENTRAL CHIMPANZEE (Eng)
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Taxonomic Notes:
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Chimpanzee taxonomy remains an active area of research. Four subspecies are commonly recognized: the West African chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus; the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee P. t. vellerosus; the central chimpanzee P. t. troglodytes; and the eastern chimpanzee P. t. schweinfurthii. Recent mitochondrial DNA work (Gonder et al. 2006) shows that schweinfurthii is embedded in troglodytes, and suggests that there are only two major clades of chimpanzees: Pan troglodytes vellerosus in West Africa and P. t. troglodytes in Central and East Africa. Based on recent nuclear DNA work, as well as considerations of the overall similarity in behaviour and morphology of the proposed subspecies, Fischer et al. (2006) argue that differences between chimpanzee populations are too small to warrant subspecific designations. While the appropriate taxonomic labelling for different chimpanzee populations remains unresolved, the relative importance of different threats faced by chimpanzees varies across Africa, making a regional approach valuable for conservation purposes. We, therefore, use a four-subspecies classification system here, recognizing that future work may lead to a consensus recognizing more or fewer subspecies.
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Assessment Information
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Red List Category & Criteria:
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EN A4cde ver 3.1 (2001)
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Year Assessed:
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2007
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Assessor/s:
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Tutin, C.E.G., Baillie, J.E.M., Dupain, J., Gatti, S., Maisels, F., Stokes, E.J., Morgan, D.B. & Walsh, P.D.
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Evaluator/s:
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Mittermeier, R.A., Butynski, T. & Williamson, E.A. (Primate Red List Authority)
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Justification:
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Due to high levels of exploitation, loss of habitat and habitat quality as a result of expanding human activities, and disease (Ebola), this subspecies is estimated to have experienced a significant population reduction in the past 20 to 30 years (one generation is estimated to be 20 years: Boesch and Boesch-Achermann 2000, Emery Thompson et al. in prep., Gombe long-term records, unpubl.) and it is suspected that this reduction will continue for the next 30 to 40 years. The maximum population reduction over a three-generation (i.e., 60 year) period from the 1970s to 2030 is suspected to exceed 50%, hence qualifying this taxon for Endangered under criterion A4. The causes of the reduction, although largely understood, have certainly not ceased and are not easily reversible. The suspected future continuation of the population reduction is a precautionary approach based on the rapidly increasing human population density in the region and the high degree of political instability in the range states. There is evidence that Ebola will continue to spread (Walsh et al. 2005, Lahm et al. 2006) and it is too early to judge whether or not chimpanzee populations will recover from the extremely high levels of Ebola-induced mortality. Recovery will take a very long time even in ideal conditions of complete protection from hunting.
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History:
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| 1988 | - | Vulnerable (Lee et al. 1988) |
| 1996 | - | Endangered (Baillie and Groombridge 1996) |
| 2000 | - | Endangered (Hilton-Taylor 2000) |
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Geographic Range
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Range Description:
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P. t. troglodytes (Blumenbach, 1799) ranges from Cameroon, south of the Sanaga River, to the Congo River/Ubangi River (Democratic Republic of Congo).
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Countries:
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Native:
Angola (Cabinda); Cameroon; Central African Republic; Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon
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Population
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Population:
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See species-level assessment.
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Population Trend:
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Habitat and Ecology
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Habitat and Ecology:
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Chimpanzees are found predominantly in moist and dry forests, and forest galleries extending into savannah woodlands. They are omnivorous, and their diet is highly variable according to individual populations and seasons. Fruit comprises about half the diet, but leaves, bark, and stems are also important. Mammals comprise a small but significant component of the diet of many populations. Chimpanzees form social communities of 5 to 150 animals. Home ranges are larger in woodland forest mosaics than in mixed forest, and average 12.5 km² (range 5 to 400 km²).
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System:
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Terrestrial
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List of Habitats:
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| 1.6 | Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland |
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Threats
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Threats:
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See species-level assessment.
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List of Threats:
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| 1.1.1 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Agriculture - Crops (ongoing) |
| 1.3.3 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Extraction - Wood (ongoing) |
| 1.4.2 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Infrastructure development - Human settlement (ongoing) |
| 3.1 | Harvesting (hunting/gathering) - Food (ongoing) |
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Conservation Actions
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Conservation Actions:
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See species-level assessment.
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List of Conservation Actions:
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| 3.9 | Research actions - Trends/Monitoring (in place, needed) |
| 4.1 | Habitat and site-based actions - Maintenance/Conservation (in place, needed) |
| 4.4 | Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas (in place, needed) |
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Bibliography
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Bibliography:
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Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (compilers and editors) 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. For ful list of references, see the species-level account (Pan troglodytes). Hilton-Taylor, C. (compiler). 2000. 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Lee, P.C., Thornback, J. and Bennett, E.L. 1988. Threatened Primates of Africa. The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
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