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Padda oryzivora
– Vulnerable
Taxonomy
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Kingdom:
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ANIMALIA
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Phylum:
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CHORDATA
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Class:
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AVES
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Order:
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PASSERIFORMES
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Family:
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ESTRILDIDAE
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Scientific Name:
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Padda oryzivora
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Species Authority:
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(Linneaus, 1758)
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Common Name/s:
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| English | — | JAVA SPARROW |
| French | — | PADDA DE JAVA |
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Assessment Information
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Red List Category & Criteria:
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VU A2bd+3bd; C1 ver 3.1 (2001)
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Year Assessed:
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2004
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Assessor/s:
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BirdLife International
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Evaluator/s:
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Tobias, J., Crosby, M., Collar, N. & Benstead, P. (BirdLife International Red List Authority)
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Justification:
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The popularity of this finch as a cage-bird has resulted (and unless stringent action is taken, will continue to result) in a rapid decline in its population and range as a consequence of intense trapping activity, such that it qualifies as Vulnerable.
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History:
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| 1988 | - | Lower Risk/least concern (BirdLife International 2004) |
| 1994 | - | Vulnerable (Collar, Crosby and Stattersfield 1994) |
| 2000 | - | Vulnerable (BirdLife International 2000) |
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Geographic Range
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Range Description:
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Padda oryzivora is a native endemic of the islands of Java, Bali, and probably Madura, Indonesia, although it has been widely introduced, with feral populations now established in many parts of the world. It was formerly widespread and abundant, but its numbers have crashed disastrously. It is now very difficult to find: a recent survey looked at 64 former locations and only located 109 individuals at 17 sites1. The majority of documented recent records derive from east Java and Bali. Feral populations (in Indonesia at least) have also apparently declined precipitously. Information from elsewhere is insufficient to estimate its status as a feral species, and all conservation efforts should focus on its original native range.
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Countries:
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Native:
Indonesia; Mexico
Introduced:
Brunei Darussalam; Fiji; Malaysia; United States
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Population
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Population Trend:
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Habitat and Ecology
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Habitat and Ecology:
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It is usually a lowland species, chiefly found below 500 m but occurring locally up to 1,500 m. It has been recorded in many habitats, including towns and villages (where it was formerly one of the most common species), cultivated land (particularly rice-growing areas), grassland, open woodland, tree savanna, beach forest and even mangroves. It is gregarious, especially outside the breeding season. Post-breeding flocks appear to make substantial short-distance movements in response to local food supplies.
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System:
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Terrestrial
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List of Habitats:
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| 1.6 | Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland |
| 1.7 | Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level |
| 2.1 | Savanna - Dry |
| 3.5 | Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry |
| 4.5 | Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry |
| 14.1 | Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land |
| 14.4 | Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens |
| 14.5 | Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas |
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Threats
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Threats:
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Trapping for the domestic and international cage-bird trade has probably been extensive for centuries, peaking in the 1960s and 1970s, and is the main cause of the decline. Its flocking tendency, particularly at roost sites, renders it especially susceptible to mass trapping. Ironically, even feral populations, originally introduced through trade, have subsequently been decimated for the same reason. Historically, it was regarded as a rice crop-pest, and consequently persecuted. Hunting for local consumption, and possibly increased use of pesticides and competition with the ecologically similar Tree Sparrow Passer montanus, are additional threats.
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List of Threats:
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| 1.8 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Other causes (ongoing) |
| 3.1.2 | Harvesting (hunting/gathering) - Food - Sub-national/national trade (ongoing) |
| 3.5.2 | Harvesting (hunting/gathering) - Cultural/scientific/leisure activities - Sub-national/national trade (ongoing) |
| 3.5.3 | Harvesting (hunting/gathering) - Cultural/scientific/leisure activities - Regional/international trade (ongoing) |
| 5.1 | Persecution - Pest control (ongoing) |
| 6.2.1 | Pollution (affecting habitat and/or species) - Land pollution - Agriculture (ongoing) |
| 8.1 | Changes in native species dynamics - Competitors (ongoing) |
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Conservation Actions
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Conservation Actions:
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Conservation measures underway:
CITES Appendix II. An embargo was placed on the capture quota for Java and Bali in 1995. The species occurs in only very few protected areas, with recent records from only four, Cikepuh Wildlife Reserve, Baluran and Meru Betiri National Parks on Java and Bali Barat National Park on Bali.
Conservation measures proposed:
Investigate the relative importance of current threats (excessive trade, persecution, pesticides, competition). Promote strict enforcement of trade restrictions in wild birds, and devise means of meeting market demands from captive breeding. Develop and initiate programmes to protect remaining populations.
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List of Conservation Actions:
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| 3.5 | Research actions - Threats (needed) |
| 5.3.1 | Species-based actions - Sustainable use - Harvest management (needed) |
| 5.4 | Species-based actions - Recovery management (needed) |
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Bibliography
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Bibliography:
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Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (compilers and editors) 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Bird Reference Citations. The numbers inserted in the text accounts above (usually in bold) refer to references. For further details on these references, click on the BirdLife International link above to go to the specific species account on the BirdLife web site. In some cases, particularly in the taxonomic notes, the references are cited using the author names. Details for these can be found on the BirdLife International web site at the following two places:
For References from A–L.
For References from M–Z. BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K. BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K. Collar, N.J., Crosby, M.J. and Stattersfield, A.J. 1994. Birds to Watch 2. The World List of Threatened Birds BirdLife International. Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd, U.K.
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