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Ognorhynchus icterotis
– Critically Endangered
Taxonomy
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Kingdom:
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ANIMALIA
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Phylum:
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CHORDATA
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Class:
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AVES
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Order:
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PSITTACIFORMES
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Family:
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PSITTACIDAE
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Scientific Name:
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Ognorhynchus icterotis
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Species Authority:
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(Massena & Souancé, 1854)
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Common Name/s:
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| English | — | YELLOW-EARED PARROT |
| French | — | CONURE À OREILLES JAUNES, PERRUCHE AUX OREILLES JAUNES |
| Spanish | — | ARATINGA OREJIGUALDA, PERIQUITO OREJIAMARILLO |
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Assessment Information
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Red List Category & Criteria:
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CR B1ab(i,ii,iii,v) ver 3.1 (2001)
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Year Assessed:
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2004
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Assessor/s:
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BirdLife International
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Evaluator/s:
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Wege, D. & Benstead, P. (BirdLife International Red List Authority)
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Justification:
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This species is Critically Endangered because the known range (especially the nesting area) is extremely small. Suitable habitat is severely fragmented throughout its historical range and continues to be lost and degraded. Conservation action is addressing some of the key issues but the future of this species remains extremely uncertain.
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History:
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| 1988 | - | Threatened (Collar and Andrew 1988) |
| 1994 | - | Critically Endangered (Collar, Crosby and Stattersfield 1994) |
| 2000 | - | Critically Endangered (BirdLife International 2000) |
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Geographic Range
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Range Description:
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Ognorhynchus icterotis formerly occurred in all three Andean ranges of Colombia, from Norte de Santander and Antioquia to Nariño and in north-west Ecuador, south to Cotopaxi. It persists in the Central Andes of Colombia2,4,5, although its whereabouts for much of the year is unknown3,5. It was once common to abundant, but is now extinct in Ecuador and there are just 144 birds in 3-4 flocks in Colombia9.
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Countries:
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Native:
Colombia
Possibly extinct regionally:
Ecuador
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Population
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Population Trend:
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Habitat and Ecology
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Habitat and Ecology:
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It inhabits humid montane forest, elfin forest and partially cleared terrain at 1,200-3,400 m, favouring areas dominated by wax palms Ceroxylon quindiuense, in which it roosts, nests and feeds1,2,5,7. Although currently resident at one site4,6, other flocks wander seasonally in search of food (bark, buds and fruiting/seeding blooms of Ceroxylon, Citharexylon, Podocarpus and Sapium spp.)2,6,7. Two breeding cycles in April-November were noted at one colony1,6. Breeding pairs enlist the help of 'brood-helpers' during the chick-rearing stage9.
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System:
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Terrestrial
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List of Habitats:
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| 1.9 | Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane |
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Threats
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Threats:
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It has suffered considerable habitat loss and fragmentation (90-93% of montane forest in Colombia) throughout its range6,8, however, several sizeable areas of habitat remain within its historic range, suggesting additional causes of decline2,7. Wax palm mortality is accelerating and they suffer poor recruitment because cattle browse young trees, and logging in adjacent areas increases their susceptibility to disease2,5,6,7. Wax palms are incredibly long-lived and slow-growing (mature individuals are over 500 years old)9. In Ecuador, hunting for food was prolific3,6, and trapping has had some impact in Colombia, although the species is notoriously hard to keep in captivity6,9.
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List of Threats:
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| 1.1.1.3 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Agriculture - Crops - Agro-industry farming (past) |
| 1.1.4.2 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Agriculture - Livestock - Small-holder (ongoing) |
| 1.1.4.3 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Agriculture - Livestock - Agro-industry (ongoing) |
| 1.4.2 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Infrastructure development - Human settlement (past) |
| 1.9 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Unknown causes (past) |
| 3.1 | Harvesting (hunting/gathering) - Food (past) |
| 3.5 | Harvesting (hunting/gathering) - Cultural/scientific/leisure activities (past) |
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Conservation Actions
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Conservation Actions:
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Conservation measures underway:
CITES Appendix I and II. The traditional roost-site in Ecuador has recently been purchased and is being reforested8. It is hoped that an awareness campaign for people living nearby has stopped hunting of parrots for food2. In Colombia, poster campaigns and surveys led to the discovery of several sites, and further programmes of research, public awareness and community involvement are being developed6. Breeding sites are being fenced to allow wax palm regeneration and artificial nest boxes are being provided9.
Conservation measures proposed:
Search for additional subpopulations7,8. Research its biology further6. Prepare habitat maps of the Volcán Ruiz-Tolima massif6. Buy and protect further habitat6,7,8. Experiment with nest-boxes and supplemental feeding to encourage population growth6. Initiate a reforestation and land stewardship scheme6,7. Develop community awareness and involvement programmes6,7.
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List of Conservation Actions:
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| 2.2 | Communication and Education - Awareness (needed) |
| 3.2 | Research actions - Population numbers and range (needed) |
| 3.3 | Research actions - Biology and Ecology (needed) |
| 4.2 | Habitat and site-based actions - Restoration (needed) |
| 4.4.1 | Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Identification of new protected areas (needed) |
| 4.6 | Habitat and site-based actions - Other (needed) |
| 5.4 | Species-based actions - Recovery management (needed) |
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Bibliography
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Bibliography:
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Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (compilers and editors) 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Bird Reference Citations. The numbers inserted in the text accounts above (usually in bold) refer to references. For further details on these references, click on the BirdLife International link above to go to the specific species account on the BirdLife web site. In some cases, particularly in the taxonomic notes, the references are cited using the author names. Details for these can be found on the BirdLife International web site at the following two places:
For References from A–L.
For References from M–Z. BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K. BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K. Collar, N.J. and Andrew, P. 1988. Birds to Watch. The ICBP World Checklist of Threatened Birds. ICBP Technical Publication No. 8. Page Bros. (Norwich) Ltd, Norfolk, England. Collar, N.J., Crosby, M.J. and Stattersfield, A.J. 1994. Birds to Watch 2. The World List of Threatened Birds BirdLife International. Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd, U.K. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1986. 1986 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. IUCN. 1990. 1990 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
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