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Nyctereutes procyonoides
– Least Concern
Taxonomy
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Kingdom:
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ANIMALIA
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Phylum:
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CHORDATA
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Class:
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MAMMALIA
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Order:
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CARNIVORA
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Family:
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CANIDAE
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Scientific Name:
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Nyctereutes procyonoides
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Species Authority:
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(Gray, 1834)
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Common Name/s:
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RACOON DOG (Eng)
CHIEN VIVERRIN (Fre)
PERRO MAPACHE (Spa)
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Taxonomic Notes:
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There are six recognized subspecies: albus, koreensis, orestes, procyonoides, ussuriensis and viverrinus.
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Assessment Information
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Red List Category & Criteria:
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LC ver 3.1 (2001)
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Year Assessed:
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2004
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Assessor/s:
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Sillero-Zubiri, C. & Hoffmann, M. (Canid Specialist Group)
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Evaluator/s:
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Kauhala, K. & Saeki, M.
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Justification:
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The raccoon dog has been widely introduced. It is now widespread in northern and eastern Europe as well as in its native East Asian countries. Abundance is unknown in the Far East outside of Japan where it is common. The species is not considered threatened at present.
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History:
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| 1996 | - | Lower Risk/least concern (Baillie and Groombridge 1996) |
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Geographic Range
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Range Description:
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Historical distribution
In the Far East from northern Indochina to the south-east corner of Russia, also in Mongolia. In the Japanese Archipelago, the species was confined to Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Awaji island, Sado island and other islets of Japan except those south of Kyushu (e.g., Okinawa islands, Nansei islands, Miyako islands and Ogasawara islands). There has been a recent introduction in Yakushima island (S. Azuma, pers. comm.)
Current distribution
The species has been widely introduced. It is now widespread in northern and eastern Europe, thriving in moist forests with abundant undergrowth. The northern limit of distribution lies in areas where the mean temperature of the year is just above 0°C, the snow cover about 800 mm, the duration of the snow cover 175 days and the length of the growing season 135 days (for example, in Finland the northern limit of permanent distribution is between 65°N and the Arctic Circle). If winters become milder, the raccoon dog may expand its range northwards.
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Countries:
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Native:
China; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation (Amur, Central European Russia - introduced, Chita, East European Russia - introduced, Khabarovsk, North European Russia - introduced, Northwest European Russia - introduced, Primorye, South European Russia - introduced); Viet Nam
Introduced:
Austria; Belarus; Czech Republic; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova, Republic of; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine; Uzbekistan
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Population
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Population Trend:
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Habitat and Ecology
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Habitat and Ecology:
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Two features are typical of the habitat of raccoon dogs: 1) they are often found near water; and 2) during autumn they are more or less dependent on fruits and berries, which affects their habitat selection.
In Japan, raccoon dog habitat includes deciduous forests, broad-leaved evergreen forests, mixed forests, farmlands, and urban areas from coastal to subalpine zones. In the countryside, the species prefers herbaceous habitat and uses less Cryptomeria plantation throughout year, while riparian areas are often used (M. Saeki and D.W. Macdonald, unpubl.). In urban areas, raccoon dogs inhabit areas with as little as 5% forest cover. In the Russian Far East, the raccoon dog favours open landscape, especially damp meadows and agricultural land and avoids dark forests (Judin 1977).
In the introduced range, raccoon dogs favour moist forests and shores of rivers and lakes, especially in early summer (Korneev 1954, Nasimovic and Isakov 1985, Kauhala 1996). In late summer and autumn raccoon dogs favour moist heaths with abundant berries (Morozov 1947, Kauhala 1996). In the Finnish archipelago, however, they favour barren pine forests where they feed on crowberries (Empetrum nigrum) (Kauhala and Auniola 2000).
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System:
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Terrestrial
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List of Habitats:
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| 1.4 | Forest - Temperate |
| 3.4 | Shrubland - Temperate |
| 4.4 | Grassland - Temperate |
| 14.1 | Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land |
| 14.2 | Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland |
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Threats
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Threats:
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Road kills, persecution, government attitudes, epidemics (scabies, distemper and rabies) and pollution (organtins, lead, PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs) remain the major threats to the species across its range.
The Russians introduced raccoon dogs into the wild in the European part of the former Soviet Union because they wanted to establish a valuable new fur animal in the wild. Raccoon dog furs continue to be commercially sold, although today they are produced in fur farms. While the species is still commonly farmed for fur in Finland, raccoon dogs are no longer farmed in Sweden (J.-O. Helldin, pers. comm.) or Hungary, where the last fur farm was closed in 1995 (M. Heltai, pers. comm.). In Japan, raccoon dog fur is also used in the production of calligraphic brushes, stuffed animals, and other products.
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List of Threats:
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| 4.2.2 | Accidental mortality - Collision - Vehicle collision (ongoing) |
| 5.1 | Persecution - Pest control (ongoing) |
| 6 | Pollution (affecting habitat and/or species) (ongoing) |
| 8.5 | Changes in native species dynamics - Pathogens/parasites (ongoing) |
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Conservation Actions
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Conservation Actions:
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Raccoon dogs occur in national parks and other wildlife protection areas in Japan, where hunting and some other activities are prohibited. Raccoon dogs occur in national parks also in Finland (although they are hunted in some parks). Elsewhere across their range, they occur in numerous protected areas and wildlife sanctuaries.
Not listed in the CITES Appendices.
In many countries where the raccoon dog is legally hunted, hunting is permitted year round (e.g., Sweden, Hungary and Poland). However, in Finland, females with pups are protected in May, June and July, and in Belarus hunting is allowed from 1 October to the end of February. In Japan, hunting/trapping of the species requires a licence or other form of permission and can only occur within the designated hunting season (November 15 to February 15). The raccoon dog on Mukojima island (18.4 km²), Hiroshima prefecture, is designated as a natural monument under the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, and permission from the Director-General of the Agency of Cultural Affairs is required for capturing the animals on the island.
There have been no conservation measures developed for the raccoon dog to date.
In Japan, around 40 zoos hold captive animals and successful breeding has been reported (e.g., Kobe Municipal Zoo). Captive raccoon dogs still exist on fur farms in Finland.
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List of Conservation Actions:
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| 1.2.1.2 | Policy-based actions - Legislation - Development - National level (in place, needed) |
| 1.2.2.2 | Policy-based actions - Legislation - Implementation - National level (in place, needed) |
| 3.1 | Research actions - Taxonomy (in place, needed) |
| 3.2 | Research actions - Population numbers and range (in place, needed) |
| 3.3 | Research actions - Biology and Ecology (in place, needed) |
| 3.5 | Research actions - Threats (in place, needed) |
| 4.4 | Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas (in place, needed) |
| 5.7.1 | Species-based actions - Ex situ conservation actions - Captive breeding/Artificial propagation (in place, needed) |
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Bibliography
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Bibliography:
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Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (compilers and editors) 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Canid Specialist Group. For more information, see the Specialist Group website Judin, V.G. 1977. Enotovidnaja sobakaPrimor'ja v Priamur'ja. Nauka. Moscow, Russia. Kauhala, K. 1994. The Raccoon Dog: a succesful Canid. Canid News 2: 37-40. Kauhala, K. 1996. Habitat use of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in southern Finland. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 61:269-275. Kauhala, K. and Auniola, M. 2000. Diet of raccoon dogs in summer in the Finnish archipelago. Ecography 24:151-156. Korneev, A.I. 1954. Enotovidnaja sobaka Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray na Ukraine (rezul’taty rabot po akklimatixacii). Trudy Zoologiceskogo Muzea Kievskaia Universiteta Imeni T. G. Sevcenko 4. [in Russian] Morozov, V.F. 1947. Akklimatizacija ussurijskogo enota (Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray) v Leningradskoj i Novgorodskoj oblastjah. Tr. VNII ohotnic’ego promysla 8:11-124. [in Russian] Nasimovich, A. and Isakov, Y. (eds). 1985. [Arctic fox, red fox and raccoon dog: distribution of resources, ecology, use and conservation]. Janka, Moscow, USSR. [in Russian] Sillero-Zubiri, C., Hoffmann, M. and Macdonald D.W. (eds). 2004. Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
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