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Amazona oratrix
– Endangered
Taxonomy
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Kingdom:
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ANIMALIA
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Phylum:
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CHORDATA
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Class:
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AVES
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Order:
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PSITTACIFORMES
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Family:
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PSITTACIDAE
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Scientific Name:
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Amazona oratrix
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Species Authority:
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Ridgway, 1887
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Common Name/s:
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YELLOW-HEADED PARROT (Eng)
AMAZONE À TÊTE JAUNE (Fre)
LORO CABECIAMARILLO (Spa)
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Assessment Information
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Red List Category & Criteria:
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EN A2bcd ver 3.1 (2001)
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Year Assessed:
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2004
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Assessor/s:
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BirdLife International
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Evaluator/s:
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Capper, D., Wege, D. & Benstead, P. (BirdLife International Red List Authority)
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Justification:
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This species qualifies as Endangered owing to a very rapid population decline, equivalent to 68% in 10 years. The population is now so small that lower (but still very significant) rates of decline are likely in the future.
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History:
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| 1988 | - | Lower Risk/least concern (BirdLife International 2004) |
| 1994 | - | Endangered (Collar, Crosby and Stattersfield 1994) |
| 2000 | - | Endangered (BirdLife International 2000) |
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Geographic Range
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Range Description:
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Amazona oratrix has undergone a dramatic population decline, judged at 90% since the mid-1970s, to 7,000 birds in 1994. There are three subpopulations in Mexico: the race magna in Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Chiapas, Tabasco and Campeche; the nominate race from Jalisco to Oaxaca7; and the race tresmariae on the Islas Marías. The race belizensis was widespread in coastal Belize, but is now primarily restricted to central and north-west areas1. There is an old report and a 1993 record from Petén, Guatemala1, and "guatemalensis" occurs from Punta Manabique to extreme north-west Honduras4. Populations in Belize and at the known site in Campeche are healthy2. There are conflicting reports that tresmariae is stable3 and under considerable threat5.
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Range Map:
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 (click for detailed map)
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Countries:
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Native:
Belize; Guatemala; Mexico
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Population
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Population Trend:
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Habitat and Ecology
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Habitat and Ecology:
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It inhabits dense thorn-forest, savanna, tall deciduous forest and humid riverine woodland, occasionally up to 500 m. Birds favour semi-arid regions in the northern Atlantic lowlands, but more humid savannas further south. In Belize, it inhabits pine savannas and adjacent evergreen forest patches, and "guatemalensis" occurs in coastal scrub and mangroves4. Food privation and fire cause occasional wanderings. It nests in tree-cavities, with breeding occurring in February-June. Nesting success is only 0.5 fledglings per nest2. It feeds on fruit from wild and cultivated trees.
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System:
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Terrestrial
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List of Habitats:
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| 1.5 | Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry |
| 1.6 | Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland |
| 1.7 | Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level |
| 3.6 | Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Moist |
| 14.1 | Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land |
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Threats
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Threats:
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Many thousands are illegally exported from Mexico and some from Belize each year, and it is popular in domestic markets5,6,8. In Belize, it is hunted and persecuted for damaging crops3. Habitat loss has been extensive, with 80% of the Tamaulipas lowlands cleared for agriculture and pasture, and increasing settlement along the Western Highway in Belize8.
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List of Threats:
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| 1.1.3 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Agriculture - Non-timber plantations (ongoing) |
| 1.1.4.3 | Habitat Loss/Degradation - Agriculture - Livestock - Agro-industry (ongoing) |
| 3.5 | Harvesting (hunting/gathering) - Cultural/scientific/leisure activities (ongoing) |
| 5.2 | Persecution - Other (ongoing) |
| 7.1 | Natural disasters - Drought (ongoing) |
| 7.2 | Natural disasters - Storms/flooding (ongoing) |
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Conservation Actions
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Conservation Actions:
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Conservation measures underway:
CITES Appendix II. It occurs in El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, Sanoval Ranch (Mexico), and seven protected areas in Belize2,6,9. There are several country-wide awareness campaigns in Mexico7. It is bred in captivity, but the reintroduction of captive-bred birds is unfeasible5.
Conservation measures proposed:
Enforce trade restrictions. Effectively protect key sites such as Las Colorados Ranch, Soto La Marina/La Pesca, (Tamaulipas), and río Naranjo, centred on Las Abritas (San Luis Potosí). Survey to identify additional important sites. Research habitat use and local movements. Continue and expand awareness campaigns.
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List of Conservation Actions:
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| 2.2 | Communication and Education - Awareness (needed) |
| 3.3 | Research actions - Biology and Ecology (needed) |
| 4.4.1 | Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Identification of new protected areas (needed) |
| 4.4.2 | Habitat and site-based actions - Protected areas - Establishment (needed) |
| 5.3.1 | Species-based actions - Sustainable use - Harvest management (needed) |
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Bibliography
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Bibliography:
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Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (compilers and editors) 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Bird Reference Citations. The numbers inserted in the text accounts above (usually in bold) refer to references. For further details on these references, click on the BirdLife International link above to go to the specific species account on the BirdLife web site. In some cases, particularly in the taxonomic notes, the references are cited using the author names. Details for these can be found on the BirdLife International web site at the following two places:
For References from A–L.
For References from M–Z. BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K. BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K. Collar, N.J., Crosby, M.J. and Stattersfield, A.J. 1994. Birds to Watch 2. The World List of Threatened Birds BirdLife International. Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd, U.K.
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