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Manta birostris

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Classifications [top]

List of Habitats:
9 Marine Neritic
9.1 Marine Neritic - Pelagic
9.2 Marine Neritic - Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs
9.3 Marine Neritic - Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel
9.4 Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy
9.5 Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud
9.6 Marine Neritic - Subtidal Muddy
9.8 Marine Neritic - Coral Reef
9.8.1 Outer Reef Channel
9.8.2 Back Slope
9.8.3 Foreslope (Outer Reef Slope)
9.8.4 Lagoon
9.8.5 Inter-Reef Soft Substrate
9.8.6 Inter-Reef Rubble Substrate
9.9 Marine Neritic - Seagrass (Submerged)
9.10 Marine Neritic - Estuaries
10 Marine Oceanic
10.1 Marine Oceanic - Epipelagic (0-200m)
10.2 Marine Oceanic - Mesopelagic (200-1000m)
10.3 Marine Oceanic - Bathypelagic (1000-4000m)
11 Marine Deep Benthic
11.1 Marine Deep Benthic - Continental Slope/Bathyl Zone (200-4,000m)
11.5 Marine Deep Benthic - Seamount
List of Conservation Actions:
1 Land/water protection
1.1 Site/area protection (in place)
1.2 Resource & habitat protection (in place)
2 Land/water management
2.1 Site/area management (in place)
4 Education & awareness
4.2 Training (in place)
4.3 Awareness & communications (in place)
5 Law & policy
5.1 Legislation
5.1.1 International level (in place)
5.1.2 National level (in place)
5.1.3 Sub-national level (in place)
5.2 Policies and regulations (in place)
5.4 Compliance and enforcement
5.4.1 International level (in place)
5.4.2 National level (in place)
5.4.3 Sub-national level (in place)
6 Livelihood, economic & other incentives
6.1 Linked enterprises & livelihood alternatives (in place)
6.3 Market forces (in place)
List of Threats:
1 Residential & commercial development
1.2 Commercial & industrial areas
1.3 Tourism & recreation areas
4 Transportation & service corridors
4.3 Shipping lanes
5 Biological resource use
5.4 Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources
5.4.1 Intentional use: (subsistence/small scale)
5.4.3 Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale)
5.4.4 Unintentional effects: (large scale)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance
6.1 Recreational activities
9 Pollution
9.1 Domestic & urban waste water
9.1.1 Sewage
9.1.2 Run-off
Citation: Marshall, A., Bennett, M.B., Kodja, G., Hinojosa-Alvarez, S., Galvan-Magana, F., Harding, M., Stevens, G. & Kashiwagi, T. 2011. Manta birostris. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 25 May 2013.
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