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Monachus monachus

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Classifications [top]

List of Habitats:
9 Marine Neritic
9.1 Marine Neritic - Pelagic
10 Marine Oceanic
10.1 Marine Oceanic - Epipelagic (0-200m)
12 Marine Intertidal
12.1 Marine Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline
12.2 Marine Intertidal - Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc
13 Marine Coastal/Supratidal
13.1 Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands
13.2 Marine Coastal/supratidal - Coastal Caves/Karst
List of Conservation Actions:
1 Land/water protection
1.1 Site/area protection (in place)
1.2 Resource & habitat protection (in place)
2 Land/water management
2.1 Site/area management (in place)
3 Species management
3.2 Species recovery (in place)
4 Education & awareness
4.1 Formal education (in place)
4.2 Training (in place)
4.3 Awareness & communications (in place)
5 Law & policy
5.4 Compliance and enforcement
5.4.2 National level (in place)
List of Threats:
1 Residential & commercial development
1.1 Housing & urban areas
1.2 Commercial & industrial areas
1.3 Tourism & recreation areas
5 Biological resource use
5.4 Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources
5.4.2 Intentional use: (large scale)
5.4.4 Unintentional effects: (large scale)
5.4.5 Persecution/control
6 Human intrusions & disturbance
6.1 Recreational activities
6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
8 Invasive & other problematic species & genes
8.2 Problematic native species
9 Pollution
9.1 Domestic & urban waste water
9.1.3 Type Unknown/Unrecorded
9.2 Industrial & military effluents
9.2.1 Oil spills
9.2.3 Type Unknown/Unrecorded
9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents
9.3.4 Type Unknown/Unrecorded
Citation: Aguilar, A. & Lowry, L. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) 2008. Monachus monachus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 23 May 2013.
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