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2012.2 |
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2012.2 |
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The IUCN Red List
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| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANIMALIA | CHORDATA | ACTINOPTERYGII | PERCIFORMES | EPINEPHELIDAE |
| Scientific Name: | Epinephelus miliaris | |||||||||
| Species Authority: | Valenciennes 1830 | |||||||||
Common Name/s:
|
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| Synonym/s: |
Epinephelus dictyophorus Bleeker, 1856
Epinephelus diktiophorus (Bleeker, 1856)
Epinephelus fuscus Fourmanoir, 1961
Epinephelus gaimardi (Valenciennes, 1830)
Epinephelus miliaris Valenciennes 1830
Serranus diktiophorus Bleeker, 1856
Serranus gaimardi Valenciennes, 1830
Serranus miliaris Valenciennes, 1830
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| Red List Category & Criteria: | Least Concern ver 3.1 |
| Year Published: | 2008 |
| Assessor/s: | Cabanban, A.S. & Sadovy, Y. |
| Reviewer/s: | Sadovy, Y. & Moss, K. (Grouper and Wrasse Red List Authority) |
| Contributor/s: | |
|
Justification: Epinephelus miliaris is evaluated as a species of Least Concern because it is widespread and there is no evidence to support a decline of >30 %. However, if its coastal habitats (mangrove forests, seagrass beds, bays, and coral reefs) continue to be destroyed, its conservation status will worsen. |
|
| Range Description: | Epinephelus miliaris is an Indo-West Pacific insular species ranging from East Africa (excluding the Red Sea and Persian Gulf) to the Gilbert Islands and Samoa, north to the Ryukyu Islands (FishBase). |
| Countries: | Native: American Samoa (American Samoa); Australia; British Indian Ocean Territory; Comoros; Fiji; India; Indonesia; Japan; Kenya; Madagascar; Malaysia; Maldives; Marshall Islands; Mauritius; Mayotte; Micronesia, Federated States of; Mozambique; Myanmar; Nauru; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Réunion; Samoa; Seychelles; Solomon Islands; Somalia; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Tonga; Tuvalu; Vanuatu; Wallis and Futuna |
| FAO Marine Fishing Areas: | Native:
Indian Ocean – eastern; Indian Ocean – western; Pacific – northwest; Pacific – western central
|
| Range Map: | Click here to open the map viewer and explore range. |
| Population: | Epinephelus miliaris is typically found in low densities. Fry et al. (2006) caught only four individuals (mean SL = 320 mm ±37; mean weight 835 ±258 g) in an undisturbed volcanic seamount reef, Lihir Island Group, Papua New Guinea. |
| Population Trend: |
Unknown
|
| Habitat and Ecology: |
General Epinephelus miliaris is a reef-associated species found in a variety of habitats. Juveniles (8 to 21 cm SL) have been taken from mud bottoms, seagrass beds, mangrove swamps, and from coral reefs in depths of 1 to 16 m; adults in coral reefs at depths of 18 to 180 m. Feeding Stomach contents reported to include juvenile clappid crab, a stomatopod, and a gastropod (Morgans 1982). |
| Systems: | Marine |
| Major Threat(s): | Epinephelus miliaris is threatened by overfishing and is taken by subsistence and incidental fisheries. Destruction of habitats is also a concern, including loss of mangrove forests, trawling on bays (soft-bottom environment), reclamation of seagrass beds and sedimentation and fish-bombing on coral reefs. |
| Conservation Actions: | Epinephelus miliaris is found in marine protected areas in parts of its range. |
| Citation: | Cabanban, A.S. & Sadovy, Y. 2008. Epinephelus miliaris. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 24 May 2013. |
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