Phyllomedusa bicolor

Taxonomy

Assessment Information

Geographic Range

Population

Habitat and Ecology

Threats

Conservation Actions

Bibliography

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Taxonomy [top]

Kingdom	Phylum	Class	Order	Family
ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	AMPHIBIA	ANURA	HYLIDAE

Scientific Name:

Phyllomedusa bicolor

Species Authority:

(Boddaert, 1772)

Common Name/s:

Spanish

–

Rana Lemur Gigante

Assessment Information [top]

Red List Category & Criteria:

Least Concern ver 3.1

Year Published:

2010

Assessor/s:

Claudia Azevedo-Ramos, Enrique La Marca

Reviewer/s:

Global Amphibian Assessment Coordinating Team (Simon Stuart, Janice Chanson, Neil Cox and Bruce Young)

Justification:
Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

History:

2004

–

Least Concern

Geographic Range [top]

Range Description:	This species is found in the Amazon Basin in Venezuela (Amazonas and Bolívar states), Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and the Guianas. It also occurs in the Cerrado habitat of Manhao state, Brazil. It has been recorded from 0-800m asl.
Countries:	Native: Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; French Guiana; Guyana; Peru; Suriname; Venezuela
Range Map:	Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.

Population [top]

Population:	It is common throughout its range.
Population Trend:	Stable

Habitat and Ecology [top]

Habitat and Ecology:	This is a nocturnal tree frog. It has been found calling from the limbs of trees in tropical rainforest at heights of more than 2m above the water in a forest pond (Duellman 1997). Gorzula and Señaris (1999) reported a leaf-nest found about 2m above a forest pool. Tadpoles then develop in temporary waterbodies. They are also found in gallery forest in Cerrado.
Systems:	Terrestrial; Freshwater

Threats [top]

Major Threat(s):	There are very few threats through its wide range, though it is probably impacted locally by very severe habitat loss, such as clear-cutting. It might benefit from road cuts through forest where individuals congregate to reproduce. There is currently an increased interest in the toxic compounds in the skin of this frog (which is used for hunting practices for several tribes of Amazonia). This might increase harvesting effort in the future, but at the moment, such utilisation is not considered to constitute a threat to the species. It is sometimes found in the international pet trade but at levels that do not currently constitute a major threat.

Major Threat(s):

There are very few threats through its wide range, though it is probably impacted locally by very severe habitat loss, such as clear-cutting. It might benefit from road cuts through forest where individuals congregate to reproduce. There is currently an increased interest in the toxic compounds in the skin of this frog (which is used for hunting practices for several tribes of Amazonia). This might increase harvesting effort in the future, but at the moment, such utilisation is not considered to constitute a threat to the species. It is sometimes found in the international pet trade but at levels that do not currently constitute a major threat.

Conservation Actions [top]

Conservation Actions:	The species' distribution encompasses several protected areas.

Conservation Actions:

The species' distribution encompasses several protected areas.

Bibliography [top]

	Barrio Amorós, C.L. 2004. Amphibians of Venezuela Systematic List, Distribution and References, An Update. Review of Ecology in Latin America: 1-48. Crump, M.L. 1971. Quantitative analysis of the ecological distribution of a tropical herpetofauna. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas: 1-62. Duellman, W.E. 1968. The genera of Phyllomedusine frogs (Anura: Hylidae). University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History: 1-10. Duellman, W.E. 1974. Taxonomic notes on Phyllomedusa (Anura: Hylidae) from the upper Amazon Basin. Herpetologica: 105-112. Duellman, W.E. 1977. Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien: Hylidae, Centrolenidae, Pseudidae. Das Tierreich: 1-225. Duellman, W.E. 1997. Amphibians of La Escalera region, Southeastern Venezuela: Taxonomy, ecology, and biogeography. Scientific papers of the Natural History Museum of the University of Kansas: 1-52. Ernst, R., Rödel, M-O. and Arjoon, D. 2005. On the cutting edge – The anuran fauna of the Mabura Hill Forest Reserve, Central Guyana. Salamandra 41(4): 179-194. Erspamer, V., Erspamer, G.F, Severini, C., Potenza, R.L., Barra, D., Mignogna, G. and Bianchi, A. 1993. Pharmalogical Studies Of Sapo From The Frog Phyllomedusa-Bicolor Skin - A Drug Used By The Peruvian Matses Indians In Shamanistic Hunting Practices. Toxicon: 1099-1111. Frost, D.R. 1985. Amphibian Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press and the Association of Systematic Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. Funkhouser, A. 1957. A review of the neotropical tree-frogs of the genus Phyllomedusa. Occasional Papers of the Natural History Museum of Stanford University: 1-90. Galatti, U. 1999. Avaliação ecológica rápida da Reserva Biológica Estadual Rio Ouro Preto, Guajará-Mirim, Rondônia. Inventário da herpetofauna da Res. Biol. rio Ouro Preto. Final Reporl. Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento / Plano Agropecuário e Florestal de Rondôdia (PNUD/PLANAFLORO), pp. 11 pp. Rondonia. Gorzula, S. and Señaris, J.C. 1998. Contribution to the herpetofauna of the Venezuelan Guayana I. A database. Scientiae Guaianae: 1-270. Hoogmoed, M.S. and Ávila-Pires, T.C.S. 1999. Inventário preliminar da herpetofauna na região de São Félix do Xingú, Pará. Report not published. IUCN. 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2010.2). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 29 June 2010). La Marca, E. 1992. Catálogo taxonómico, biogeográfico y bibliográfico de las ranas de Venezuela. Cuadernos Geográficos, Universidad de Los Andes: 1-197. La Marca, E. 1997. Lista actualizada de los anfibios de Venezuela. In: La Marca, E. (ed.), Vertebrados Actuales y Fosiles de Venezuela, pp. 103-120. Museo de Ciencias y Tecnología de Mérida, Mérida. Lescure, J. and Marty, C. 2000. Atlas des Amphibiens de Guyane. Patrimoines Naturels, Paris. Lescure, J., Marty, V., Marty, C., Starace, F., Auber-Thomay, M. and Letellier, F. 1995. Contribution a l'étude des amphibiens de Guyane Francaise. X. Les Phyllomedusa (Anura, Hylidae). Revue fr. Aquariol: 35-50. Rivero, J.A. 1961. Salientia of Venezuela. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology: 1-207. Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. 1996. Lista actualizada de la fauna de Amphibia de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales: 365-415. Souza, M.B. 2003. Diversidade de Anfíbios nas Unidades de Conservação Ambiental: Reservas Extrativista do Alto Juruá (REAJ) e Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor (PNSD), Acre, Brasil. PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro. Vitt, L.J. and Caldwell, J.P. 1993. Inventário e Ecologia da herpetofauna da Amazônia: Rio Ajanari, Roraima, Brasil. Report Proj. NSF Project DEB-9505518 (not published). Vitt, L.J. and Caldwell, J.P. 1996. Inventário e Ecologia da herpetofauna da Amazônia: Rio Juruá, Porto Walter, Acre, Brasil. Report Proj. NSF Project DEB-9505518 (not published). Zimmerman, B.L. and Rodrigues, M.T. 1990. Frogs, snakes, and lizards of INPA-WWF Reserves near Manaus, Brasil. In: Gentry, A.H. (ed.), Four Neotropical rainforests, pp. 426-454. Yale University Press, New Haven.

Barrio Amorós, C.L. 2004. Amphibians of Venezuela Systematic List, Distribution and References, An Update. Review of Ecology in Latin America: 1-48.

Crump, M.L. 1971. Quantitative analysis of the ecological distribution of a tropical herpetofauna. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas: 1-62.

Duellman, W.E. 1968. The genera of Phyllomedusine frogs (Anura: Hylidae). University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History: 1-10.

Duellman, W.E. 1974. Taxonomic notes on Phyllomedusa (Anura: Hylidae) from the upper Amazon Basin. Herpetologica: 105-112.

Duellman, W.E. 1977. Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien: Hylidae, Centrolenidae, Pseudidae. Das Tierreich: 1-225.

Duellman, W.E. 1997. Amphibians of La Escalera region, Southeastern Venezuela: Taxonomy, ecology, and biogeography. Scientific papers of the Natural History Museum of the University of Kansas: 1-52.

Ernst, R., Rödel, M-O. and Arjoon, D. 2005. On the cutting edge – The anuran fauna of the Mabura Hill Forest Reserve, Central Guyana. Salamandra 41(4): 179-194.

Erspamer, V., Erspamer, G.F, Severini, C., Potenza, R.L., Barra, D., Mignogna, G. and Bianchi, A. 1993. Pharmalogical Studies Of Sapo From The Frog Phyllomedusa-Bicolor Skin - A Drug Used By The Peruvian Matses Indians In Shamanistic Hunting Practices. Toxicon: 1099-1111.

Frost, D.R. 1985. Amphibian Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press and the Association of Systematic Collections, Lawrence, Kansas.

Funkhouser, A. 1957. A review of the neotropical tree-frogs of the genus Phyllomedusa. Occasional Papers of the Natural History Museum of Stanford University: 1-90.

Galatti, U. 1999. Avaliação ecológica rápida da Reserva Biológica Estadual Rio Ouro Preto, Guajará-Mirim, Rondônia. Inventário da herpetofauna da Res. Biol. rio Ouro Preto. Final Reporl. Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento / Plano Agropecuário e Florestal de Rondôdia (PNUD/PLANAFLORO), pp. 11 pp. Rondonia.

Gorzula, S. and Señaris, J.C. 1998. Contribution to the herpetofauna of the Venezuelan Guayana I. A database. Scientiae Guaianae: 1-270.

Hoogmoed, M.S. and Ávila-Pires, T.C.S. 1999. Inventário preliminar da herpetofauna na região de São Félix do Xingú, Pará. Report not published.

IUCN. 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2010.2). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 29 June 2010).

La Marca, E. 1992. Catálogo taxonómico, biogeográfico y bibliográfico de las ranas de Venezuela. Cuadernos Geográficos, Universidad de Los Andes: 1-197.

La Marca, E. 1997. Lista actualizada de los anfibios de Venezuela. In: La Marca, E. (ed.), Vertebrados Actuales y Fosiles de Venezuela, pp. 103-120. Museo de Ciencias y Tecnología de Mérida, Mérida.

Lescure, J. and Marty, C. 2000. Atlas des Amphibiens de Guyane. Patrimoines Naturels, Paris.

Lescure, J., Marty, V., Marty, C., Starace, F., Auber-Thomay, M. and Letellier, F. 1995. Contribution a l'étude des amphibiens de Guyane Francaise. X. Les Phyllomedusa (Anura, Hylidae). Revue fr. Aquariol: 35-50.

Rivero, J.A. 1961. Salientia of Venezuela. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology: 1-207.

Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. 1996. Lista actualizada de la fauna de Amphibia de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales: 365-415.

Souza, M.B. 2003. Diversidade de Anfíbios nas Unidades de Conservação Ambiental: Reservas Extrativista do Alto Juruá (REAJ) e Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor (PNSD), Acre, Brasil. PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro.

Vitt, L.J. and Caldwell, J.P. 1993. Inventário e Ecologia da herpetofauna da Amazônia: Rio Ajanari, Roraima, Brasil. Report Proj. NSF Project DEB-9505518 (not published).

Vitt, L.J. and Caldwell, J.P. 1996. Inventário e Ecologia da herpetofauna da Amazônia: Rio Juruá, Porto Walter, Acre, Brasil. Report Proj. NSF Project DEB-9505518 (not published).

Zimmerman, B.L. and Rodrigues, M.T. 1990. Frogs, snakes, and lizards of INPA-WWF Reserves near Manaus, Brasil. In: Gentry, A.H. (ed.), Four Neotropical rainforests, pp. 426-454. Yale University Press, New Haven.

Citation:	Claudia Azevedo-Ramos, Enrique La Marca 2010. Phyllomedusa bicolor. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 25 May 2012.
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