Incilius holdridgei

Taxonomy

Assessment Information

Geographic Range

Population

Habitat and Ecology

Threats

Conservation Actions

Bibliography

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Taxonomy [top]

Kingdom	Phylum	Class	Order	Family
ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	AMPHIBIA	ANURA	BUFONIDAE

Scientific Name:

Incilius holdridgei

Species Authority:

(Taylor, 1952)

Common Name/s:

English

–

Holdridge's Toad

Synonym/s:

Bufo holdridgei Taylor, 1952

Assessment Information [top]

Red List Category & Criteria:	Extinct ver 3.1
Year Published:	2004
Assessor/s:	Bolaños, F. & Chaves, G.
Reviewer/s:	Stuart, S.N., Chanson, J., Cox, N. & Young, B. (Global Amphibian Assessment Coordinating Team)
Justification: Listed as Extinct because it has not been recorded since 1986, and regular surveys since 2000, and extensive searches over the last seven years (to 2007), at the appropriate times in suitable habitats, have failed to locate this species.

Geographic Range [top]

Range Description:	This species occurred on the Volcán Barva, Cordillera Central, Costa Rica, at 200-2,200 m asl (Savage 2002).
Countries:	Regionally extinct: Costa Rica
Range Map:	Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.

Population [top]

Population:	It was formerly common in appropriate habitat and during the breeding season at the onset of the rainy season (2,765 males were seen visiting two pools in an eight-day period; Nowak and Robinson 1975). As of August 2007, it has not been seen since 1986 despite repeated searching (seven consecutive years of intensive searching to 2007 - Héctor Zumbado, Andres Vaughn, Warren Calvo, Adrián García unpublised data 2007) throughout its range, and it is now considered to be extinct (Federico Bolaños and Gerardo Chaves pers. comm. 2007).

Population:

It was formerly common in appropriate habitat and during the breeding season at the onset of the rainy season (2,765 males were seen visiting two pools in an eight-day period; Nowak and Robinson 1975). As of August 2007, it has not been seen since 1986 despite repeated searching (seven consecutive years of intensive searching to 2007 - Héctor Zumbado, Andres Vaughn, Warren Calvo, Adrián García unpublised data 2007) throughout its range, and it is now considered to be extinct (Federico Bolaños and Gerardo Chaves pers. comm. 2007).

Habitat and Ecology [top]

Habitat and Ecology:	This species lived in lower montane rainforest. It was a fossorial species, and could be found under surface debris within the forest during periods of heavy rain, but otherwise it concentrated on mossy stream banks during dry periods. It was an explosive breeder that laid its eggs in forest floor pools, as well as in man-made drainage ditches (Savage 2002).
Systems:	Terrestrial; Freshwater

Threats [top]

Major Threat(s):	Although not proven, the main cause of the population decline and extinction is likely to be chytridiomycosis perhaps in synergy with the effects of climate change.

Major Threat(s):

Although not proven, the main cause of the population decline and extinction is likely to be chytridiomycosis perhaps in synergy with the effects of climate change.

Conservation Actions [top]

Conservation Actions:	The entire known range of this species is protected in Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, 20 km north-east of the capital of San José.

Conservation Actions:

The entire known range of this species is protected in Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, 20 km north-east of the capital of San José.

Bibliography [top]

	IUCN. 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 23 November 2004. Novak, R.M. and Robinson, D.C. 1975. Observations on the reproduction and ecology of the tropical montane toad, Bufo holdrigei Taylor in Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical: 213-237. Savage, J.M. 2002. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna between two Continents, between two Seas. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

IUCN. 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 23 November 2004.

Novak, R.M. and Robinson, D.C. 1975. Observations on the reproduction and ecology of the tropical montane toad, Bufo holdrigei Taylor in Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical: 213-237.

Savage, J.M. 2002. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna between two Continents, between two Seas. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Citation:	Bolaños, F. & Chaves, G. 2004. Incilius holdridgei. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 25 May 2012.
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