Chiropotes chiropotes

Taxonomy

Assessment Information

Geographic Range

Population

Habitat and Ecology

Threats

Conservation Actions

Bibliography

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Taxonomy [top]

Kingdom	Phylum	Class	Order	Family
ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	PRIMATES	PITHECIIDAE

Scientific Name:

Chiropotes chiropotes

Species Authority:

(Humboldt, 1811)

Common Name/s:

English	–	Bearded Saki
Spanish	–	Capuchinos Del Orinoco, Mono Barbudo

Synonym/s:

Chiropotes israelita Spix, 1823

Taxonomic Notes:

Hershkovitz (1985) revised the genus Chiropotes and recognized two species, Chiropotes albinasus and Chiropotes satanas, the second containing three subspecies (Chiropotes s. satanas, Chiropotes s. chiropotes and Chiropotes s. utahicki). Based on results of analyses of morphological, morphometric and molecular data, Silva Jr. and Figueiredo (2002) raised the three subspecies to species level, and divided the populations occurring on either side of the rio Branco into two distinct taxa. They proposed a taxonomic arrangement with five species: Chiropotes albinasus, Chiropotes satanas, Chiropotes utahickae, Chiropotes chiropotes and Chiropotes sagulatus Traill, 1821, the latter representing the eastern form of C. chiropotes, which occurs to the east of the rio Branco, in Brazil, Suriname and the Guianas.

In 2003, Bonvicino and colleagues confirmed the elevation of the subspecies, and based on specimens collected from tributaries north-east of the rio Negro (west of the rio Branco), described what they considered to be a new form of Chiropotes, which they referred to as Chiropotes israelita Spix, 1823. However, Silva Jr. (pers. comm.) claims this form is not a new species, but is in fact, the form from Venezuela, the type locality for which is upper Rio Orinoco south of the Cataratas, Amazonas (Cabrera, 1961) and the valid name is Chiropotes chiropotes. The morphological characters (particularly tawny-olive to buffy-brown dorsal pelage) observed by Bonvicino et al. (2003) were considered new possibly because Hershkovitz (1985) may have inadvertently missed the fact that two forms existed north of the Amazon.

Assessment Information [top]

Red List Category & Criteria:

Least Concern ver 3.1

Year Published:

2008

Assessor/s:

Veiga, L.M., Silva Jr., J.S., Mittermeier, R.A. & Boubli, J.-P.

Reviewer/s:

Mittermeier, R.A. & Rylands, A.B. (Primate Red List Authority)

Justification:
Listed as Least Concern as the species has a reasonably wide range in a relatively undisturbed area. Although there is some hunting, this not likely to be resulting in a decline sufficient to warrant listing in a threatened category.

History:

2003	–	Least Concern (IUCN 2003)
1996	–	Lower Risk/least concern

Geographic Range [top]

Range Description:	Occurs north of the Amazon throughout the Guianas, southern and central Venezuela and northern Brazil. Limited to the south by the Amazon River, and to the west by the Rio Negro in Brazil and Orinoco in Venezuela. It extends north as far as the west bank of Lago Guri in Venezuela, north of the confluence of the Ríos Paragua and Caroni, its distribution here being limited by the increasing impact of drier vegetation (Hershkovitz 1985), and its eastern boundary in Venezuela appears to be the left bank of the Caroní. It is largely absent from western Guyana, occurring to the east of the Rio Essequibo. In Suriname, it is absent from the coastal plain, while in French Guiana it is only found in the extreme south (approximately 200 km inland). In eastern Brazil, it occurs throughout the State of Amapá and is possibly only absent from wetter regions along the coast. Although Cacajao and Chiropotes are mutually exclusive, mixed groups of Cacajao hosomi and Chiropotes chiropotes in the region of the Pico da Neblina (Boubli 2002).
Countries:	Native: Brazil; French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela
Range Map:	Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.

Population [top]

Population:	There is no information on the population status of this species.
Population Trend:	Stable

Habitat and Ecology [top]

Habitat and Ecology:	Inhabits terra firme forests (including high forest, savanna forest, and mora forests), and mixed semi-deciduous forest (Mittermeier 1977; Mittermeier and Coimbra-Filho 1977; van Roosmalen et al. 1981; Kinzey and Norconk 1993; Norconk et al. 1996, 2003; Peetz 2001). Like other bearded saki species, this species forms large, multi-male, multi-female groups (44 members) (Norconk et al. 2003), members of which travel together but subdivide during foraging (van Roosmalen et al. 1981; Frazão 1992). In Suriname, reproduction was seasonal, with most births occurring in the rainy season or beginning of the dry season (van Roosmalen et al. 1981; Peetz 2001). The species is highly frugivorous, the diet being comprised principally of fruit and seeds (Mittermeier 1977; van Roosmalen et al. 1981; Kinzey and Norconk 1990, 1993; Frazão 1992; Peetz 2001), supplemented with flowers and non-reproductive plant parts as well as arthropods (Ayres and Nessimian 1982; Mittermeier et al. 1983; Frazão 1991; Kinzey and Norconk 1993; Peetz 2001). Peetz (2001) recorded C. chiropotes eating over 100 species of plant. Ayres (1981) registered day ranges of 1.3 km for a group in a small fragment (10 ha) near Manaus but a group in an area of continuous forest ranged over much larger areas, travelling as much as 6 km in one day (Frazão 1992). In Suriname, van Roosmalen et al. (1988) estimated ranges of 2.5 km and home ranges up to 250 ha. Peetz (2001) recorded an average day range of 1.6 km.
Systems:	Terrestrial

Habitat and Ecology:

Inhabits terra firme forests (including high forest, savanna forest, and mora forests), and mixed semi-deciduous forest (Mittermeier 1977; Mittermeier and Coimbra-Filho 1977; van Roosmalen et al. 1981; Kinzey and Norconk 1993; Norconk et al. 1996, 2003; Peetz 2001).

Like other bearded saki species, this species forms large, multi-male, multi-female groups (44 members) (Norconk et al. 2003), members of which travel together but subdivide during foraging (van Roosmalen et al. 1981; Frazão 1992). In Suriname, reproduction was seasonal, with most births occurring in the rainy season or beginning of the dry season (van Roosmalen et al. 1981; Peetz 2001).

The species is highly frugivorous, the diet being comprised principally of fruit and seeds (Mittermeier 1977; van Roosmalen et al. 1981; Kinzey and Norconk 1990, 1993; Frazão 1992; Peetz 2001), supplemented with flowers and non-reproductive plant parts as well as arthropods (Ayres and Nessimian 1982; Mittermeier et al. 1983; Frazão 1991; Kinzey and Norconk 1993; Peetz 2001). Peetz (2001) recorded C. chiropotes eating over 100 species of plant.

Ayres (1981) registered day ranges of 1.3 km for a group in a small fragment (10 ha) near Manaus but a group in an area of continuous forest ranged over much larger areas, travelling as much as 6 km in one day (Frazão 1992). In Suriname, van Roosmalen et al. (1988) estimated ranges of 2.5 km and home ranges up to 250 ha. Peetz (2001) recorded an average day range of 1.6 km.

Systems:

Terrestrial

Threats [top]

Major Threat(s):	There are currently no major threats, although localized hunting for food takes place around Indian and bush negro villages.

Major Threat(s):

There are currently no major threats, although localized hunting for food takes place around Indian and bush negro villages.

Conservation Actions [top]

Conservation Actions:	Occurs in numerous protected areas, including the Central Suriname Nature Reserve (1,600,000 ha), the Sipaliwini Nature Reserve, and the Wai-wai Community Owned Conservation Area. It is listed on CITES Appendix II.

Conservation Actions:

Occurs in numerous protected areas, including the Central Suriname Nature Reserve (1,600,000 ha), the Sipaliwini Nature Reserve, and the Wai-wai Community Owned Conservation Area.
It is listed on CITES Appendix II.

Bibliography [top]

	Ayres, J. M. and Nessimian, J. L. 1982. Evidence for insectivory in Chiropotes satanas. Primates 23: 458-459. Bonvicino, C. R., Boubli, J. P., Otazú, I. B., Almeida, F. C., Nascimento, F. F., Coura, J. R. and Seuánez, H. N. 2003. Morphologic, karyotypic, and molecular evidence of a new form of Chiropotes (primates, pitheciinae). American Journal o f Primatology 61(3): 123-133. Cabrera, A. 1961. Catílogo de los mam¡feros de America del Sur. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia 4: 309-732. da Cruz Lima, E. 1945. Mammals of Amazônia, Vol. 1. General Introduction and Primates. Contribuições do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi de História Natural e Etnografia, Belém do Pará, Brazil. Frazão, E. 1991. Insectivory in free-ranging bearded saki (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes). Primates 32: 243- 245. Frazão, E. 1992. Dieta e Estratégia de Forragear de Chiropotes satanas chiropotes (Cebidae: Primates) na Amazônia Central Brasileira. Dissertação de Mestrado, INPA/FUA. Hershkovitz, P. 1985. A preliminary taxonomy review of the south american bearded saki monkeys genus Chiropotes (Cebidae: Platyrrhini), with the description of a new species. Fieldiana: Zoology 27: 1-46. Kinzey, W. G. and Norconk, M. A. 1990. Hardness as a basis of fruit choice in two sympatric primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81: 5-15. Kinzey, W. G. and Norconk, M. A. 1993. Physical and chemical properties of fruit and seeds eaten by Pithecia and Chiropotes in Surinam and Venezuela. International Journal of Primatology 14: 207-227. Mittermeier, R. A. 1977. Distribution, Synecology, and Conservation of Surinam Monkeys. Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard University. Norconk, M. A. 1996. Seasonal variation in the diets of white-faced and bearded sakis (Pithecia pithecia and Chiropotes satanas) in Guri Lake, Venezuela. In: M. A. Norconk, A. L. Rosenberger and P. A. Garber (eds), Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates, pp. 403-423, 547-548. Plenum Press, New York, USA. Norconk, M. A., Raghanti, M. A., Martin, S. K., Grafton, B. W., Gregory, L. T. and De Dijn, B. P. E. 2003. Primates of Brownsberg Natuurpark, Suriname, with particular attention to pitheciins. Neotropical Primates 11(2): 94–100. Peetz. A. 2001. Ecology and social organisation of the bearded saki Chiropotes satanas chiropotes (Primates: Pitheciinae) in Venezuela. Ecotropical Monographs 1: 170 pp. Silva Jr., J. S. and Figueiredo, W. M. B. 2002. Revisão sistemática dos cuxiús, gênero Chiropotes Lesson, 1840 (Primates Pithecidae). Livro de Resumos do XO. Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Primatologia, Amazônia - A Última Fronteira: 21. Belém do Pará, Brazil. Van Roosmalen, M. G. M. Mittermeier, R. A. and Fleagle, J. G. 1988. Diet of the northern bearded saki (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes): A neotropical seed predator. American Journal of Primatology 14: 11-35. van Roosmalen, M. G. M., Mittermeier, R. A. and Milton, K. 1981. The bearded saki, genus Chiropotes. In: A. F. Coimbra-Filho and R. A. Mittermeier (eds), Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates, Vol. 1, pp. 419-441. Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Ayres, J. M. and Nessimian, J. L. 1982. Evidence for insectivory in Chiropotes satanas. Primates 23: 458-459.

Bonvicino, C. R., Boubli, J. P., Otazú, I. B., Almeida, F. C., Nascimento, F. F., Coura, J. R. and Seuánez, H. N. 2003. Morphologic, karyotypic, and molecular evidence of a new form of Chiropotes (primates, pitheciinae). American Journal o f Primatology 61(3): 123-133.

Cabrera, A. 1961. Catílogo de los mam¡feros de America del Sur. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia 4: 309-732.

da Cruz Lima, E. 1945. Mammals of Amazônia, Vol. 1. General Introduction and Primates. Contribuições do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi de História Natural e Etnografia, Belém do Pará, Brazil.

Frazão, E. 1991. Insectivory in free-ranging bearded saki (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes). Primates 32: 243- 245.

Frazão, E. 1992. Dieta e Estratégia de Forragear de Chiropotes satanas chiropotes (Cebidae: Primates) na Amazônia Central Brasileira. Dissertação de Mestrado, INPA/FUA.

Hershkovitz, P. 1985. A preliminary taxonomy review of the south american bearded saki monkeys genus Chiropotes (Cebidae: Platyrrhini), with the description of a new species. Fieldiana: Zoology 27: 1-46.

Kinzey, W. G. and Norconk, M. A. 1990. Hardness as a basis of fruit choice in two sympatric primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81: 5-15.

Kinzey, W. G. and Norconk, M. A. 1993. Physical and chemical properties of fruit and seeds eaten by Pithecia and Chiropotes in Surinam and Venezuela. International Journal of Primatology 14: 207-227.

Mittermeier, R. A. 1977. Distribution, Synecology, and Conservation of Surinam Monkeys. Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard University.

Norconk, M. A. 1996. Seasonal variation in the diets of white-faced and bearded sakis (Pithecia pithecia and Chiropotes satanas) in Guri Lake, Venezuela. In: M. A. Norconk, A. L. Rosenberger and P. A. Garber (eds), Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates, pp. 403-423, 547-548. Plenum Press, New York, USA.

Norconk, M. A., Raghanti, M. A., Martin, S. K., Grafton, B. W., Gregory, L. T. and De Dijn, B. P. E. 2003. Primates of Brownsberg Natuurpark, Suriname, with particular attention to pitheciins. Neotropical Primates 11(2): 94–100.

Peetz. A. 2001. Ecology and social organisation of the bearded saki Chiropotes satanas chiropotes (Primates: Pitheciinae) in Venezuela. Ecotropical Monographs 1: 170 pp.

Silva Jr., J. S. and Figueiredo, W. M. B. 2002. Revisão sistemática dos cuxiús, gênero Chiropotes Lesson, 1840 (Primates Pithecidae). Livro de Resumos do XO. Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Primatologia, Amazônia - A Última Fronteira: 21. Belém do Pará, Brazil.

Van Roosmalen, M. G. M. Mittermeier, R. A. and Fleagle, J. G. 1988. Diet of the northern bearded saki (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes): A neotropical seed predator. American Journal of Primatology 14: 11-35.

van Roosmalen, M. G. M., Mittermeier, R. A. and Milton, K. 1981. The bearded saki, genus Chiropotes. In: A. F. Coimbra-Filho and R. A. Mittermeier (eds), Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates, Vol. 1, pp. 419-441. Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Citation:	Veiga, L.M., Silva Jr., J.S., Mittermeier, R.A. & Boubli, J.-P. 2008. Chiropotes chiropotes. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 25 May 2012.
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