Callicebus discolor

Taxonomy

Assessment Information

Geographic Range

Population

Habitat and Ecology

Threats

Conservation Actions

Bibliography

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Taxonomy [top]

Kingdom	Phylum	Class	Order	Family
ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	PRIMATES	PITHECIIDAE

Scientific Name:

Callicebus discolor

Species Authority:

(I. Geoffroy & Deville, 1848)

Common Name/s:

English	–	Red Titi Monkey, Titi Monkey
Spanish	–	Socayo, Songo Songo

Taxonomic Notes:

Kobayashi and Langguth (1999) and van Roosmalen et al. (2002) recognize five species groups – cupreus, donacophilus, moloch, personatus and torquatus. According to van Roosmalen et al. (2002), the cupreus group contains the species C. caligatus, C. cupreus, C. discolor, C. dubius, C. ornatus, and C. stephennashi.

Assessment Information [top]

Red List Category & Criteria:

Least Concern ver 3.1

Year Published:

2008

Assessor/s:

Veiga, L.M.

Reviewer/s:

Mittermeier, R.A. & Rylands, A.B. (Primate Red List Authority)

Justification:
This species is listed as Least Concern due to its relatively large range, and because there do not seem to be any major threats resulting in a significant range-wide decline sufficient to qualify it for listing in a threatened category.

History:

2003	–	Least Concern (IUCN 2003)
1996	–	Lower Risk/least concern

Geographic Range [top]

Range Description:	This species occurs in the upper Amazonian region, in Peru north of the Río Marañon between the Ríos Napo and Santiago; in Ecuador from the Andean foothills east to the Río Napo/Aguarico basin, and north to the Río Putumayo; and in Colombia to the right bank of the Río Guamués (Hernández-Camacho and Cooper 1976; Hershkovitz 1990).
Countries:	Native: Colombia; Ecuador; Peru
Range Map:	Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.

Population [top]

Population:	Where its found it is very abundant (but difficult to see). Estimates of over 70 individuals/km² have been recorded (A. Di Fiori pers. comm.)
Population Trend:	Unknown

Habitat and Ecology [top]

Habitat and Ecology:	Titi monkeys (Callicebus spp.) are known to occur in a wide range of habitats, although some species exhibit habitat preferences, for example C. lucifer is reported to prefer white-sand forests (E. Heymann pers. comm. 2008), and C. donacophilus drier forests (Ferrari et al. 2000; R. Wallace pers. comm.). Members of the C. moloch and C. cupreus groups are considered tolerant of habitat disturbance caused by human activity or seasonal flooding (van Roosmalen et al. 2002). de la Torre et al. (1995) suggest that Callicebus discolor exhibits a preference for flooded forest (Várzea) in north-eastern Ecuador. The diet of titis comprises mainly fruit pulp, leaves, insects and seeds. They form small, pair-bonded, territorial groups and are considered monogamous. They have small home (1.5-30 km) and day ranges (0.5-1.5 km). A field study on diet and activity budget was undertaken for C. discolor in Yasuni National Park (Carrillo-Bilbao et al. 2005). This group used 3.3 ha, and consumed 30 different plant species principally fruits, seeds and flowers.
Systems:	Terrestrial

Habitat and Ecology:

Titi monkeys (Callicebus spp.) are known to occur in a wide range of habitats, although some species exhibit habitat preferences, for example C. lucifer is reported to prefer white-sand forests (E. Heymann pers. comm. 2008), and C. donacophilus drier forests (Ferrari et al. 2000; R. Wallace pers. comm.). Members of the C. moloch and C. cupreus groups are considered tolerant of habitat disturbance caused by human activity or seasonal flooding (van Roosmalen et al. 2002). de la Torre et al. (1995) suggest that Callicebus discolor exhibits a preference for flooded forest (Várzea) in north-eastern Ecuador.

The diet of titis comprises mainly fruit pulp, leaves, insects and seeds. They form small, pair-bonded, territorial groups and are considered monogamous. They have small home (1.5-30 km) and day ranges (0.5-1.5 km). A field study on diet and activity budget was undertaken for C. discolor in Yasuni National Park (Carrillo-Bilbao et al. 2005). This group used 3.3 ha, and consumed 30 different plant species principally fruits, seeds and flowers.

Systems:

Terrestrial

Threats [top]

Major Threat(s):	There are no major threats throughout most of its range in Ecuador and Peru. However, it has a restricted range in Colombia in a region subject to intensive agriculture, human colonization, petroleum exploration, drug activities and guerilla presence (T. Defler pers. comm.).

Major Threat(s):

There are no major threats throughout most of its range in Ecuador and Peru. However, it has a restricted range in Colombia in a region subject to intensive agriculture, human colonization, petroleum exploration, drug activities and guerilla presence (T. Defler pers. comm.).

Conservation Actions [top]

Conservation Actions:	Occurs in the Cuyabeno Reserve in Ecuador (De la Torre et al. 1995). It is listed on CITES Appendix II.

Conservation Actions:

Occurs in the Cuyabeno Reserve in Ecuador (De la Torre et al. 1995). It is listed on CITES Appendix II.

Bibliography [top]

	Aquino, R. and Encarnación, F. 1994. Primates of Peru / Los Primates del Perú. Primate Report 40: 1-127. Brooks, D. M. and Pando-Vasquez, L. 1997. Crossing the great barrier: Callicebus cupreus discolor north of the Napo River. Neotropical Primates 5(1): 11. Campos, F. 1991. Preferencia de hábitat, aspectos reproductivos e comportamiento de canto como factores determinantes de la territorialidad de Callicebus torquatus em la Amazonía Ecuatoriana. Thesis, Pontificia Universidade Católica del Ecuador. Campos, F., de la Torre, S. and de Vries, T. 1992. Territorial behaviour and home range establishment of Callicebus torquatus (Primates: Cebidae) in Amazonian Ecuador. Abstracts of the XIVth Congress of the International Primatological Society: 316. Strasbourg. Carrillo-Bilbao, G., di Fiore, A. and Fernandez-Duque, E. 2005. Diet, foraging and time budget in Callicebus discolor in Yasuni National Park, Ecuadoran Amazon. Neotropical Primates 13(2): 7-11. Defler, T. R. 1994. La conservación de primates en Colombia. Trianea 5: 255-287. Eisenberg, J. F. 1989. Mammals of the Neotropics. The Northern Neotropics. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA and London, UK. Eisenberg, J. F. and Redford, K. H. 1999. Mammals of the Neotropics: The Central Neotropics. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA. Ferrari S. F., Iwanaga S, Messias, M. R., Ramos E. M., Ramos, P. C. S., da Cruz Neto, E. H. and Coutinho, P. E. G. 2000. Titi monkeys (Callicebus spp., Atelidae: Platyrrhini) in Brazilian state of Rondonia. Groves, C. P. 2001. Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA. Hernández-Camacho, J. and Cooper, R. W. 1976. The nonhuman primates of Colombia. In: R. W. Thorington, Jr. and P. G. Heltne (eds), Neotropical Primates: Field Studies and Conservation, pp. 35-69. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA. Hernández-Camacho, J. and Defler, T. R. 1989. Algunos aspectos de la conservación de primates no-humanos en Colombia. In: C. J. Saavedra, R. A. Mittermeier and I. B. Santos (eds), La Primatología en Latinoamerica, pp. 67-100. WWF-U.S., Washington, DC, USA. Hershkovitz, P. 1988. Origin, speciation, and distribution of South American titi monkeys, genus Callicebus (Family Cebidae, Platyrrhini). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 140(1): 240-272. Hershkovitz, P. 1990. Titis, New World monkeys of the genus Callicebus (Cebidae, Platyrrhini): a preliminary taxonomic review. Fieldiana: Zoology 55: 1-109. Kobayashi, S. 1995. A phylogenetic study of titi monkeys, genus Callicebus, based on cranial measurements: I. Phyletic groups of Callicebus. Primates 36(1): 101-120. Kobayashi, S and Langguth, A. 1999. A new species of titi monkeys, Callicebus Thomas, from north-eastern Brazil (Primates, Cebidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 16(2): 531-551. Moynihan, M. 1976. The New World Primates. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Norconk, M. A. 2007. Saki, uakaris, and titi monkeys: behavioral diversity in a radiation of primate seed predators. In: C. J. Campbell, A. Fuentes, K. C.MacKinnon, M. Panger and S. K. Bearder (eds), Primates in Perspectives, pp. 123-138. Oxford University Press, New York, USA. Tirira, D. 2001. Libro Rojo de los Mamíferos del Ecuador. Sociedad para la Investigación y Monitoreo de la Biodiversidad Ecuatoriana (SIMBIOE) / Ecociencias / Ministerio del Ambiente / UICN. Publicación Especial sobre los Mamíferos del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador. Torre, S., de la, Utreras, V. and Campos, F. 1995. An overview of primatological studies in Ecuador: Primates of the Cuyabeno Reserve. Neotropical Primates 3(4): 169-170. Van Roosmalen, M. G. M., Van Roosmalen, T. and Mittermeier, R.A. 2002. A taxonomic review of the titi monkeys, genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903, with the description of two new species, Callicebus bernhardi and Callicebus stephennashi, from Brazilian Amazonia. Neotropical Primates 10: 1-52. Youlatos, D. and Rivera, W. P. 1999. Preliminary observations on the songo songo (dusky titi monkey, Callicebus moloch) of northeastern Ecuador. Neotropical Primates 7(2): 45-46.

Aquino, R. and Encarnación, F. 1994. Primates of Peru / Los Primates del Perú. Primate Report 40: 1-127.

Brooks, D. M. and Pando-Vasquez, L. 1997. Crossing the great barrier: Callicebus cupreus discolor north of the Napo River. Neotropical Primates 5(1): 11.

Campos, F. 1991. Preferencia de hábitat, aspectos reproductivos e comportamiento de canto como factores determinantes de la territorialidad de Callicebus torquatus em la Amazonía Ecuatoriana. Thesis, Pontificia Universidade Católica del Ecuador.

Campos, F., de la Torre, S. and de Vries, T. 1992. Territorial behaviour and home range establishment of Callicebus torquatus (Primates: Cebidae) in Amazonian Ecuador. Abstracts of the XIVth Congress of the International Primatological Society: 316. Strasbourg.

Carrillo-Bilbao, G., di Fiore, A. and Fernandez-Duque, E. 2005. Diet, foraging and time budget in Callicebus discolor in Yasuni National Park, Ecuadoran Amazon. Neotropical Primates 13(2): 7-11.

Defler, T. R. 1994. La conservación de primates en Colombia. Trianea 5: 255-287.

Eisenberg, J. F. 1989. Mammals of the Neotropics. The Northern Neotropics. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA and London, UK.

Eisenberg, J. F. and Redford, K. H. 1999. Mammals of the Neotropics: The Central Neotropics. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA.

Ferrari S. F., Iwanaga S, Messias, M. R., Ramos E. M., Ramos, P. C. S., da Cruz Neto, E. H. and Coutinho, P. E. G. 2000. Titi monkeys (Callicebus spp., Atelidae: Platyrrhini) in Brazilian state of Rondonia.

Groves, C. P. 2001. Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA.

Hernández-Camacho, J. and Cooper, R. W. 1976. The nonhuman primates of Colombia. In: R. W. Thorington, Jr. and P. G. Heltne (eds), Neotropical Primates: Field Studies and Conservation, pp. 35-69. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

Hernández-Camacho, J. and Defler, T. R. 1989. Algunos aspectos de la conservación de primates no-humanos en Colombia. In: C. J. Saavedra, R. A. Mittermeier and I. B. Santos (eds), La Primatología en Latinoamerica, pp. 67-100. WWF-U.S., Washington, DC, USA.

Hershkovitz, P. 1988. Origin, speciation, and distribution of South American titi monkeys, genus Callicebus (Family Cebidae, Platyrrhini). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 140(1): 240-272.

Hershkovitz, P. 1990. Titis, New World monkeys of the genus Callicebus (Cebidae, Platyrrhini): a preliminary taxonomic review. Fieldiana: Zoology 55: 1-109.

Kobayashi, S. 1995. A phylogenetic study of titi monkeys, genus Callicebus, based on cranial measurements: I. Phyletic groups of Callicebus. Primates 36(1): 101-120.

Kobayashi, S and Langguth, A. 1999. A new species of titi monkeys, Callicebus Thomas, from north-eastern Brazil (Primates, Cebidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 16(2): 531-551.

Moynihan, M. 1976. The New World Primates. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

Norconk, M. A. 2007. Saki, uakaris, and titi monkeys: behavioral diversity in a radiation of primate seed predators. In: C. J. Campbell, A. Fuentes, K. C.MacKinnon, M. Panger and S. K. Bearder (eds), Primates in Perspectives, pp. 123-138. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.

Tirira, D. 2001. Libro Rojo de los Mamíferos del Ecuador. Sociedad para la Investigación y Monitoreo de la Biodiversidad Ecuatoriana (SIMBIOE) / Ecociencias / Ministerio del Ambiente / UICN. Publicación Especial sobre los Mamíferos del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.

Torre, S., de la, Utreras, V. and Campos, F. 1995. An overview of primatological studies in Ecuador: Primates of the Cuyabeno Reserve. Neotropical Primates 3(4): 169-170.

Van Roosmalen, M. G. M., Van Roosmalen, T. and Mittermeier, R.A. 2002. A taxonomic review of the titi monkeys, genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903, with the description of two new species, Callicebus bernhardi and Callicebus stephennashi, from Brazilian Amazonia. Neotropical Primates 10: 1-52.

Youlatos, D. and Rivera, W. P. 1999. Preliminary observations on the songo songo (dusky titi monkey, Callicebus moloch) of northeastern Ecuador. Neotropical Primates 7(2): 45-46.

Citation:	Veiga, L.M. 2008. Callicebus discolor. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 25 May 2012.
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