Saguinus geoffroyi

Taxonomy

Assessment Information

Geographic Range

Population

Habitat and Ecology

Threats

Conservation Actions

Bibliography

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Taxonomy [top]

Kingdom	Phylum	Class	Order	Family
ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	PRIMATES	CALLITRICHIDAE

Scientific Name:

Saguinus geoffroyi

Species Authority:

(Pucheran, 1845)

Common Name/s:

English	–	Geoffroy’s Tamarin, Geoffroy's Tamarin, Red Crested Bare-face Tamarin
Spanish	–	Tamarín

Taxonomic Notes:

Hershkovitz (1977) considered Saguinus geoffroyi to be a subspecies of S. oedipus. Comparative morphological studies by Hanihara and Natori (1987), Moore and Cheverud (1992) and Skinner (1991) argued for them being separate species. Eisenberg (1989), Rylands (1993), Hernández-Camacho and Cooper (1976), Mittermeier and Coimbra-Filho (1981), Hernández-Camacho and Defler (1988, 1991), Mittermeier et al. (1988), Rylands et al. (1993), Groves (2001, 2005), Mast et al. (1993) and Defler (1994) all list S. geoffroyi and S. oedipus as separate species.

Assessment Information [top]

Red List Category & Criteria:

Least Concern ver 3.1

Year Published:

2008

Assessor/s:

Marsh, L.K., Cuarón, A.D. & de Grammont, P.C.

Reviewer/s:

Mittermeier, R.A. & Rylands, A.B. (Primate Red List Authority)

Justification:
This species is listed as Least Concern given that it remains relatively common and widespread within its range, and at present there is no reason to believe that it has undergone a decline that would warrant listing the species in a threatened category.

History:

2003	–	Least Concern (IUCN 2003)
1996	–	Lower Risk/least concern

Geographic Range [top]

Range Description:	Central and eastern Panama extending into Colombia. The exact western limit is not clearly defined, but marked by Reid (1997) at just a little west of the Canal Zone. Their range it seems is restricted to the east of the Azuero peninsula. In discussing habitat preference in Panama, Moynihan (1970) stated that “Rufous-naped tamarins are abundant in some parts of the Pacific coastal region, and also occur in some central areas approximately equidistant from both coasts. To my knowledge, however, they are completely absent from the whole of the Atlantic coast of the isthmus, except for one small, highly modified or “unnatural” area.” (p.2). The exception he mentioned is around the Canal Zone, the city of Colón, and Lake Gatún where the original forest has been almost entirely destroyed, and Moynihan (1970, 1976) argued that their occurrence there is the result of a recent range extension. The map of localities provided by Hershkovitz (1977, p.915) confirms Moynihan’s observation, with only two records on the Atlantic side of the isthmus except in the vicinity of the Canal Zone. The two outlying Atlantic coast records listed in the gazetteer (p.925) are: Locality 6c, San Blas, Mandinga, 9º27'N, 79º04'W, C. O. Handley, Jr., May 1957, a series of six specimens in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; and locality 6d, San Blas, Armila, Quebrada Venado, 8º40'N, 77º28'W, C. O. Handley, Jr. February-March 1963, a series of 12 specimens, also in the US National Museum. Moynihan (1970, 1976) suggested that their absence from the Atlantic coast was related to a preference for drier forests (“of moderate humidity”) typical of the Pacific coast. Skinner (1985) confirmed their occurrence in San Blas and reported the presence of S. geoffroyi in 21 sites all in moist tropical forest from the western Río Chagres basin to the Darién, from the Atlantic to the Pacific coasts. In Colombia it occurs along the Pacific coast, south as far as the Río San Juan. The Río Atrato was believed to be the eastern limit to its range (Hernández-Camacho and Cooper 1976; Hershkovitz 1977), but Vargas (1994, cited in Defler 2003) found the species occurring around the National Natural Park of Las Orquídeas in the vicinity of the village of Mandé, Antioquia, at elevations as high as 1,000 m, extending its range to the west of the upper Río Cauca. Barbosa et al. (1988, in Mast et al. 1993) also recorded the species at Quibdo, a town just east of the upper Río Atrato.
Countries:	Native: Colombia; Panama
Range Map:	Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.

Population [top]

Population:	Population densities of 3.6 individuals/km², 4.7 individuals/km², and 5.6 individuals/km² have been recorded for the island of Barro Colorado (Eisenberg 1979). Dawson (1977) estimated 20-30 individuals/km² in the Rodman Naval Station, Balboa. Skinner (1985) reported group densities in six areas in Panama ranging from 0.34 groups/km² to 5.35 groups/km².
Population Trend:	Decreasing

Habitat and Ecology [top]

Habitat and Ecology:	Occurs in moist seasonal dry forests and secondary forests and scrub (Moynihan 1970; Dawson 1976; Skinner 1985; Garber 1993). Marmosets and tamarins are distinguished from the other monkeys of the New World by their small size, modified claws rather than nails on all digits except the big toe, the presence of two as opposed to three molar teeth in either side of each jaw, and by the occurrence of twin births. They eat fruits, flowers, nectar, plant exudates (gums, saps, latex) and animal prey (including frogs, snails, lizards, spiders and insects). Marmosets have morphological and behavioural adaptations for gouging trees trunks, branches and vines of certain species to stimulate the flow of gum, which they eat, and in some species form a notable component of the diet. The dentition of the tamarins (Saguinus and Leontopithecus) does not provide for gouging and they eat gums only when readily available. Tamarins live in extended family groups of between four and 15 individuals, but usually 2-8. Average group size recorded for Saguinus geoffroyi by Dawson (1977) was 5-7 individuals (range 3-9). Generally, only one female per group breeds. Home ranges vary from 9.4 ha (Garber 1980a,b), to 26 ha or 32 ha (Dawson 1979), depending evidently on seasonal resource distribution and abundance. There have been a number of ecological/behavioural studies of the species in Panama—first studied by Moynihan (1970) and Hladik and Hladik (1969) on the Island of Barro Colorado, then Dawson (1976, 1977, 1979; Dawson and Dukelow 1976) and subsequently Garber (1980a,b, 1984), both at the Rodman Naval Station, near Balboa, Lindsay (1980) at Punta Escoces, San Blas, and Skinner (1985, 1986) carried out a survey of 30 sites in Panama. Infants are born throughout the year, S. geoffroyi shows a peak of births between April and June (Dawson and Dukelow 1976). Oestrous cycles average 15.5 days. Gestation unknown, but probably similar ot S. oedipus at about 145 days. Interbirth intervals range from 154 to 540 days (average 311 days) (Skinner 1986). Size: Mean adult male body weight 486 g (n = 53).
Systems:	Terrestrial

Habitat and Ecology:

Occurs in moist seasonal dry forests and secondary forests and scrub (Moynihan 1970; Dawson 1976; Skinner 1985; Garber 1993).

Marmosets and tamarins are distinguished from the other monkeys of the New World by their small size, modified claws rather than nails on all digits except the big toe, the presence of two as opposed to three molar teeth in either side of each jaw, and by the occurrence of twin births. They eat fruits, flowers, nectar, plant exudates (gums, saps, latex) and animal prey (including frogs, snails, lizards, spiders and insects). Marmosets have morphological and behavioural adaptations for gouging trees trunks, branches and vines of certain species to stimulate the flow of gum, which they eat, and in some species form a notable component of the diet. The dentition of the tamarins (Saguinus and Leontopithecus) does not provide for gouging and they eat gums only when readily available.

Tamarins live in extended family groups of between four and 15 individuals, but usually 2-8. Average group size recorded for Saguinus geoffroyi by Dawson (1977) was 5-7 individuals (range 3-9). Generally, only one female per group breeds. Home ranges vary from 9.4 ha (Garber 1980a,b), to 26 ha or 32 ha (Dawson 1979), depending evidently on seasonal resource distribution and abundance.

There have been a number of ecological/behavioural studies of the species in Panama—first studied by Moynihan (1970) and Hladik and Hladik (1969) on the Island of Barro Colorado, then Dawson (1976, 1977, 1979; Dawson and Dukelow 1976) and subsequently Garber (1980a,b, 1984), both at the Rodman Naval Station, near Balboa, Lindsay (1980) at Punta Escoces, San Blas, and Skinner (1985, 1986) carried out a survey of 30 sites in Panama.

Infants are born throughout the year, S. geoffroyi shows a peak of births between April and June (Dawson and Dukelow 1976). Oestrous cycles average 15.5 days. Gestation unknown, but probably similar ot S. oedipus at about 145 days. Interbirth intervals range from 154 to 540 days (average 311 days) (Skinner 1986).

Size:
Mean adult male body weight 486 g (n = 53).

Systems:

Terrestrial

Threats [top]

Major Threat(s):	This species has a relatively restricted range in a region that has undergone extensive deforestation over the last 50 years (Rasmussen et al. 2002). However, it remains relatively common within this range, and is able to persist in slightly modified habitats. Nonetheless, there may be localized declines taking place due to ongoing habitat loss. In Panama, the species is frequently hunted and captured for the pet trade (Rasmussen et al. 2002). Vargas (1994, in Defler 2004) reported trapping and trade in this species west of the Río Atrato.

Major Threat(s):

This species has a relatively restricted range in a region that has undergone extensive deforestation over the last 50 years (Rasmussen et al. 2002). However, it remains relatively common within this range, and is able to persist in slightly modified habitats. Nonetheless, there may be localized declines taking place due to ongoing habitat loss. In Panama, the species is frequently hunted and captured for the pet trade (Rasmussen et al. 2002). Vargas (1994, in Defler 2004) reported trapping and trade in this species west of the Río Atrato.

Conservation Actions [top]

Conservation Actions:	This species is listed on Appendix I of CITES. Present in numerous protected areas across its range: Colombia Los Katios National Natural Park (72,000 ha) Panama Altos da Campaña National Park (4,816 ha) Darien National Park (579,000 ha) Chagres National Park (129,000 ha) Cerro Hoya National Park (32,257 ha) Sarigua National Park (8,000 ha) Camiño de Cruces National Park (4,000 ha) (Skinner 1985b) Portobelo National Park (35,929 ha) Metropolitano National Park (265 ha) General Omar Torrijos National Park (25,275 ha) Soberanía National Park (22,140 ha) (Skinner 1985b) Interoceánico de las Américas National Park (40,000 ha) Nargana Marine National Park (147,540 ha) El Montuoso Forest Reserve (10,375 ha) La Tronosa Forest Reserve (20,579 ha) Chepigana Forest Reserve (257,219 ha) Canglon Forest Reserve (31,650 ha) Cenegon del Mangle Wildlife Refuge (1,000 ha) Peñón de la Onda Wildlife Refuge (3,900 ha) El Peñón del Cerro de los Pozos Wildlife Refuge (30 ha) Playa de la Barqueta Agrícola Wildlife Refuge (5,935 ha) Playa de Boca Vieja Wildlife Refuge (3,740 ha) Corregimiento del Nargana Wildlife Refuge Area (100,000 ha) Isla Canas Wildlife Refuge (25,433 ha) La Barqueta Agricola Wildlife Refuge (5,935 ha) Barro Colorado natural Monument (5,400 ha) Isla Majé Scientific Reserve (1,433 ha) Lago Gatun Recreation Area (348 ha) (introduced?) Filo del Tallo Hydrological Protection Zone (24,722 ha) Tapagra Hydrological Protection Zone (2,520 ha) Jurado Resguardo Indígena (16,700 ha) Comarca Kuna Yala (San Blas) (Indigenous area) (320,000 ha) Punta Patiño Private Reserve(13,805 ha) Golfo de Montijo Protected Area (89,452 ha) Cienega de las Macanas Protected Area (2,000 ha) Corregimiento del Nargana Protected Area (34,330 ha) Bagre Biological Corridor (31,275 ha) Skinner (1985a) registered the need for increased measures to controil hunting for sale as pets, for educational awareness materials and for the monitoring of trends in population numbers and habitat loss.

Conservation Actions:

This species is listed on Appendix I of CITES.
Present in numerous protected areas across its range:

Colombia
Los Katios National Natural Park (72,000 ha)

Panama
Altos da Campaña National Park (4,816 ha)
Darien National Park (579,000 ha)
Chagres National Park (129,000 ha)
Cerro Hoya National Park (32,257 ha)
Sarigua National Park (8,000 ha)
Camiño de Cruces National Park (4,000 ha) (Skinner 1985b)
Portobelo National Park (35,929 ha)
Metropolitano National Park (265 ha)
General Omar Torrijos National Park (25,275 ha)
Soberanía National Park (22,140 ha) (Skinner 1985b)
Interoceánico de las Américas National Park (40,000 ha)
Nargana Marine National Park (147,540 ha)
El Montuoso Forest Reserve (10,375 ha)
La Tronosa Forest Reserve (20,579 ha)
Chepigana Forest Reserve (257,219 ha)
Canglon Forest Reserve (31,650 ha)
Cenegon del Mangle Wildlife Refuge (1,000 ha)
Peñón de la Onda Wildlife Refuge (3,900 ha)
El Peñón del Cerro de los Pozos Wildlife Refuge (30 ha)
Playa de la Barqueta Agrícola Wildlife Refuge (5,935 ha)
Playa de Boca Vieja Wildlife Refuge (3,740 ha)
Corregimiento del Nargana Wildlife Refuge Area (100,000 ha)
Isla Canas Wildlife Refuge (25,433 ha)
La Barqueta Agricola Wildlife Refuge (5,935 ha)
Barro Colorado natural Monument (5,400 ha)
Isla Majé Scientific Reserve (1,433 ha)
Lago Gatun Recreation Area (348 ha) (introduced?)
Filo del Tallo Hydrological Protection Zone (24,722 ha)
Tapagra Hydrological Protection Zone (2,520 ha)
Jurado Resguardo Indígena (16,700 ha)
Comarca Kuna Yala (San Blas) (Indigenous area) (320,000 ha)
Punta Patiño Private Reserve(13,805 ha)
Golfo de Montijo Protected Area (89,452 ha)
Cienega de las Macanas Protected Area (2,000 ha)
Corregimiento del Nargana Protected Area (34,330 ha)
Bagre Biological Corridor (31,275 ha)

Skinner (1985a) registered the need for increased measures to controil hunting for sale as pets, for educational awareness materials and for the monitoring of trends in population numbers and habitat loss.

Bibliography [top]

	Barbosa, C., Fajardo-P., A., Giraldo, H. and Rodríguez-M., J. V. 1988. Evaluación del hábitat y status del mono tití de cabeza blanca, Saguinus oedipus Linnaeus, 1758, en Colombia. Unpublished final report of Status of Cotton-top Tamarin in Colombia project. INDERENA, Bogotá, Venezuela. Dawson, G. A. 1976. Behavioral ecology of the Panamanian tamarin, Saguinus oedipus (Callitrichidae, Primates). Thesis, University Microfilms International. Dawson, G. A. 1977. Composition and stability of social groups of the tamarin, Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi, in Panama: ecological and behavioral implications. In: D. G. Kleiman (ed.), The Biology and Conservation of the Callitrichidae, pp. 23-38. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA. Dawson, G. A. 1979. The use of time and space by the Panamanian tamarin, Saguinus oedipus. Folia Primatologica 31: 253-284. Dawson, G. A. and Dukelow, W. R. 1976. Reproductive characteristics of free-ranging Panamanian tamarins (Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi). Journal of Medical Primatology 5: 266-275. Defler, T. R. 1994. La conservación de primates en Colombia. Trianea 5: 255-287. Defler, T. R. 2003. Primates de Colombia. Conservation International, Bogota. Defler, T. R., Rodríguez-M., J. V. and Hernández-Camacho, J. I. 2003. Conservation priorities for Colombian primates. Primate Conservation 19: 10-18. Eisenberg, J. F. 1979. Habitat economy and society: some correlations and hypotheses for the neotropical primates. In: I. S. Bernstein and E. O. Smith (eds), Primate Ecology and Human Origins, pp. 215-262. Garland Press, New York, USA. Eisenberg, J. F. 1989. Mammals of the Neotropics. The Northern Neotropics. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA and London, UK. Garber, P. A. 1980. Locomotor behavior and feeding ecology of the Panamanaian tamarin (Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi, Callitrichidae, Primates). International Journal of Primatology 1(2): 185-201. Garber, P. A. 1980. Locomotor behavior and feeding ecology of the Panamanaian tamarin (Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi, Callitrichidae, Primates). Ph.D. Thesis, Washington University. Garber, P. A. 1984. Proposed nutritional importance of plant exudates in the diet of the Panamanian tamarin, Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi. International Journal of Primatology 10: 155-157. Garber, P. A. 1993. Feeding ecology and behaviour of the genus Saguinus. In: A. B. Rylands (ed.), Marmosets and Tamarins: Systematics, Ecology, and Behaviour, pp. 273-295. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Groves, C. P. 2001. Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA. Groves, C. P. 2005. Order Primates. In: D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder (eds), Mammal Species of the World, pp. 111-184. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Hanihara, T. and Natori, M. 1987. Preliminary analysis of numerical taxonomy of the genus Saguinus based on dental measurements. Primates 28(4): 517-523. Hernández-Camacho, J. and Cooper, R. W. 1976. The nonhuman primates of Colombia. In: R. W. Thorington, Jr. and P. G. Heltne (eds), Neotropical Primates: Field Studies and Conservation, pp. 35-69. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA. Hernández-Camacho, J. and Defler, T. R. 1988. Some aspects of the conservation of non-human primates in Colombia. Primate Conservation 6: 42-50. Hernández-Camacho, J. and Defler, T. R. 1989. Algunos aspectos de la conservación de primates no-humanos en Colombia. In: C. J. Saavedra, R. A. Mittermeier and I. B. Santos (eds), La Primatología en Latinoamerica, pp. 67-100. WWF-U.S., Washington, DC, USA. Hershkovitz, P. 1977. Living New World monkeys (Platyrrhini), with an introduction to Primates. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA. Hladik, A. and Hladik, C. M. 1969. Rapports trophique entre vegetation et primates dans la forêt de Barro Colorado (Panama). Terre et Vie 23: 25-117. Lindsay, N. B. D. 1980. A report on a field study of Geoffroy’s tamarin, Saguinus geoffroyi. Dodo Journal (Jersey Wildlife Trust) 17: 27-51. Mast, R. B., Rodríguez, J. V. and Mittermeier, R. A. 1993. The Colombian cotton-top tamarin in the wild. CRC Press, Inc., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Mittermeier, R. A. and Coimbra-Filho, A. F. 1981. Systematics: Species and subspecies. In: A. F. Coimbra-Filho and R. A. Mittermeier (eds), Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates, Vol. 1, pp. 29-111. Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mittermeier, R. A., Rylands, A. B. and Coimbra-Filho, A. F. 1988. Systematics: species and subspecies - an update. In: R. A. Mittermeier, A. B. Rylands, A. F. Coimbra-Filho and G. A. B. da Fonseca (eds), Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates, pp. 13-75. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC, USA. Moore, A. J. and Cheverud, J. M. 1992. Systematics of the Saguinus oedipus group of the bare-faced tamarins: evidence from facial morphology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 89: 73-84. Moynihan, M. 1970. Some behavior patterns of platyrrhine monkeys II. Saguinus geoffroyi and some other tamarins. Smithson. Contributions to Zoology 28: 1-77. Moynihan, M. 1976. The New World Primates. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Rasmussen, D., Broekema, I. and Correa, N. 2003. IUCN's decrease in the risk status of nonhuman primates in the Republic of Panama: Facts, projections and recommendations based on loss of forest habitat. The Primate Foundation of Panaman and the Associación GAIA, Panama. Reid, F. 1997. A field guide to the mammals of Central America and southeast Mexico. Oxford University Press, New York, USA. Rodríguez-Luna, E., Cortés-Ortiz, L., Mittermeier, R. A. and Rylands, A. B. 1996. Plan de Acción para los Primates Mesoamericanos. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Rodríguez-Luna, E., Cortés-Ortiz, L., Mittermeier, R. A., Rylands, A. B., Wong-Reyes, G., Carrillo, E., Matamoros, Y., Nuñez, F. and Motta-Gill, J. 1996. Hacia un Plan de Acción para los Primates Mesoamericanos. Neotropical Primates 4: 9-23. Rylands, A. B. 1993. The bare-face tamarins Saguinus oedipus oedipus and Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi: subspecies or species? Neotropical Primates 1(2): 4-5. Rylands, A. B., Coimbra-Filho, A. F. and Mittermeier, R. A. 1993. Systematics, distributions, and some notes on the conservation status of the Callitrichidae. In: A. B. Rylands (ed.), Marmosets and Tamarins: Systematics, Behaviour and Ecology, pp. 11-77. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Skinner, C. 1985. A field study of Geoffroy’s tamarin (Saguinus geoffroyi) in Panama. American Journal of Primatology 9: 15-25. Skinner, C. 1985. Report on a field study of Geoffroy’s tamarin in Panama. Primate Conservation 5: 22-24. Skinner, C. 1986. A life history study of Geoffroy’s tamarin, Saguinus geoffroyi, with emphasis on male-female relationships in captive animals. Dissertaion Abstract 47(5): 1844. Skinner, C. 1991. Justification for reclassifying Geoffroy's tamarin from Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi to Saguinus geoffroyi. Primate Report 31: 77-83. Vargas, N. T. 1994. Evaluación de los poblaciones de primates en dos sectores del Parque Nacional Natural Las Orquiídeas. Departamento de Antioquia.

Barbosa, C., Fajardo-P., A., Giraldo, H. and Rodríguez-M., J. V. 1988. Evaluación del hábitat y status del mono tití de cabeza blanca, Saguinus oedipus Linnaeus, 1758, en Colombia. Unpublished final report of Status of Cotton-top Tamarin in Colombia project. INDERENA, Bogotá, Venezuela.

Dawson, G. A. 1976. Behavioral ecology of the Panamanian tamarin, Saguinus oedipus (Callitrichidae, Primates). Thesis, University Microfilms International.

Dawson, G. A. 1977. Composition and stability of social groups of the tamarin, Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi, in Panama: ecological and behavioral implications. In: D. G. Kleiman (ed.), The Biology and Conservation of the Callitrichidae, pp. 23-38. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA.

Dawson, G. A. 1979. The use of time and space by the Panamanian tamarin, Saguinus oedipus. Folia Primatologica 31: 253-284.

Dawson, G. A. and Dukelow, W. R. 1976. Reproductive characteristics of free-ranging Panamanian tamarins (Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi). Journal of Medical Primatology 5: 266-275.

Defler, T. R. 1994. La conservación de primates en Colombia. Trianea 5: 255-287.

Defler, T. R. 2003. Primates de Colombia. Conservation International, Bogota.

Defler, T. R., Rodríguez-M., J. V. and Hernández-Camacho, J. I. 2003. Conservation priorities for Colombian primates. Primate Conservation 19: 10-18.

Eisenberg, J. F. 1979. Habitat economy and society: some correlations and hypotheses for the neotropical primates. In: I. S. Bernstein and E. O. Smith (eds), Primate Ecology and Human Origins, pp. 215-262. Garland Press, New York, USA.

Eisenberg, J. F. 1989. Mammals of the Neotropics. The Northern Neotropics. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA and London, UK.

Garber, P. A. 1980. Locomotor behavior and feeding ecology of the Panamanaian tamarin (Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi, Callitrichidae, Primates). International Journal of Primatology 1(2): 185-201.

Garber, P. A. 1980. Locomotor behavior and feeding ecology of the Panamanaian tamarin (Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi, Callitrichidae, Primates). Ph.D. Thesis, Washington University.

Garber, P. A. 1984. Proposed nutritional importance of plant exudates in the diet of the Panamanian tamarin, Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi. International Journal of Primatology 10: 155-157.

Garber, P. A. 1993. Feeding ecology and behaviour of the genus Saguinus. In: A. B. Rylands (ed.), Marmosets and Tamarins: Systematics, Ecology, and Behaviour, pp. 273-295. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Groves, C. P. 2001. Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA.

Groves, C. P. 2005. Order Primates. In: D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder (eds), Mammal Species of the World, pp. 111-184. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Hanihara, T. and Natori, M. 1987. Preliminary analysis of numerical taxonomy of the genus Saguinus based on dental measurements. Primates 28(4): 517-523.

Hernández-Camacho, J. and Cooper, R. W. 1976. The nonhuman primates of Colombia. In: R. W. Thorington, Jr. and P. G. Heltne (eds), Neotropical Primates: Field Studies and Conservation, pp. 35-69. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

Hernández-Camacho, J. and Defler, T. R. 1988. Some aspects of the conservation of non-human primates in Colombia. Primate Conservation 6: 42-50.

Hernández-Camacho, J. and Defler, T. R. 1989. Algunos aspectos de la conservación de primates no-humanos en Colombia. In: C. J. Saavedra, R. A. Mittermeier and I. B. Santos (eds), La Primatología en Latinoamerica, pp. 67-100. WWF-U.S., Washington, DC, USA.

Hershkovitz, P. 1977. Living New World monkeys (Platyrrhini), with an introduction to Primates. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA.

Hladik, A. and Hladik, C. M. 1969. Rapports trophique entre vegetation et primates dans la forêt de Barro Colorado (Panama). Terre et Vie 23: 25-117.

Lindsay, N. B. D. 1980. A report on a field study of Geoffroy’s tamarin, Saguinus geoffroyi. Dodo Journal (Jersey Wildlife Trust) 17: 27-51.

Mast, R. B., Rodríguez, J. V. and Mittermeier, R. A. 1993. The Colombian cotton-top tamarin in the wild. CRC Press, Inc., Oak Ridge, TN, USA.

Mittermeier, R. A. and Coimbra-Filho, A. F. 1981. Systematics: Species and subspecies. In: A. F. Coimbra-Filho and R. A. Mittermeier (eds), Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates, Vol. 1, pp. 29-111. Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Mittermeier, R. A., Rylands, A. B. and Coimbra-Filho, A. F. 1988. Systematics: species and subspecies - an update. In: R. A. Mittermeier, A. B. Rylands, A. F. Coimbra-Filho and G. A. B. da Fonseca (eds), Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates, pp. 13-75. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC, USA.

Moore, A. J. and Cheverud, J. M. 1992. Systematics of the Saguinus oedipus group of the bare-faced tamarins: evidence from facial morphology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 89: 73-84.

Moynihan, M. 1970. Some behavior patterns of platyrrhine monkeys II. Saguinus geoffroyi and some other tamarins. Smithson. Contributions to Zoology 28: 1-77.

Moynihan, M. 1976. The New World Primates. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

Rasmussen, D., Broekema, I. and Correa, N. 2003. IUCN's decrease in the risk status of nonhuman primates in the Republic of Panama: Facts, projections and recommendations based on loss of forest habitat. The Primate Foundation of Panaman and the Associación GAIA, Panama.

Reid, F. 1997. A field guide to the mammals of Central America and southeast Mexico. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.

Rodríguez-Luna, E., Cortés-Ortiz, L., Mittermeier, R. A. and Rylands, A. B. 1996. Plan de Acción para los Primates Mesoamericanos. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.

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Citation:	Marsh, L.K., Cuarón, A.D. & de Grammont, P.C. 2008. Saguinus geoffroyi. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 25 May 2012.
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