Canis simensis

Taxonomy

Assessment Information

Geographic Range

Population

Habitat and Ecology

Threats

Conservation Actions

Bibliography

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Taxonomy [top]

Kingdom	Phylum	Class	Order	Family
ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CARNIVORA	CANIDAE

Scientific Name:

Canis simensis

Species Authority:

Rüppell, 1840

Common Name/s:

English	–	Ethiopian Wolf, Simien Fox, Simien Jackal
French	–	Loup D'Abyssinie
Spanish	–	Lobo Etiope

Assessment Information [top]

Red List Category & Criteria:

Endangered C2a(i); D ver 3.1

Year Assessed:

2008

Assessor/s

Sillero-Zubiri, C. & Marino, J. (IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group)

Evaluator/s:

Laurenson, M.K., Malcolm, J.R., Ashenafi, Z.T., Williams, S., Gottelli, D., Randall, D. and Tallents, L. (Canid Red List Authority: Ethiopian Wolf Working Group)

Justification:
Number of "Mature Individuals"
The number of mature individuals in the population (population size) was determined using the IUCN's new definition (in: Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria) and the following formula:

Mature individuals = 0.31N1+ 0.4N1+0.57N2 +0.16 N2 then

Mature individuals = 0.71N1+ 0.73 N2 where:

N1= adult male population
N2= adult female population

Calculations of mature individuals capable of reproduction were derived from empirical data on wolf populations in the Bale Mountains, between 1988–1992 and 1997–2000.

Of all adult males in a population, 31% are alpha males and thus reproductive individuals (= 0.31N1, where N1 = adult male population). Of all subordinate adult males (= 0.69N1), some may access reproduction either by replacing the alpha male or through extra-pack copulations. This proportion was subjectively estimated at 60% and thus the contribution of subordinate adult males potentially capable of reproduction is 0.6 x 0.69N1 = 0.41N1.

Of all adult females in a population, 57% are in alpha position and thus reproduce (= 0.57N2, where N2 = adult female population). Of the suppressed adult females (= 0.33N2) we estimated a 50% likelihood to access reproduction in their lifetime (0.5 x 0.33N2=0.16 N2). This was derived from the rate of breeding opportunities, calculated as 0.12 for female per year from empirical data, over 4 years (0.12 x 4 years= 0.5).

Calculation of mature individuals from population estimate
Population estimates were derived from current availability of habitat types and extrapolations of the density of adult and subadult wolves to the area of each habitat type. Population estimates (N) are numbers of adult and subadult wolves. Given a population sex ratio of 2:1 males to females then the male population is 2/3N = 0.67N and the female population 1/3N= 0.34N. 80% of males and 70% of females are adults, therefore:

N1= adult male population= 0.8 x 0.67N = 0.53N
N2= adult female population= 0.7 x 0.33N = 0.23N

and, Mature individuals = 0.71N1 + 0.73N2, so:

Mature individuals = 0.37N + 0.17N= 0.54N

Mature individual estimates (for populations other than Bale minimum estimates were used (Marino 2003)):

Bale Mountains: N = 250; mature individuals = 135
Simen Mountains: N = 40; mature individuals = 22
Mt Guna: N = 7; mature individuals = 4
North Wollo: N = 19; mature individuals = 10
South Wollo: N = 16; mature individuals = 9
Menz : N = 17; mature individuals = 9
Arsi Mountains: N = 93; mature individuals = 50
Total: N = 442; mature individuals = 239

Notes on population estimates:
Bale estimate of N=250 (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2000) was derived from an updated detailed map and lower recorded densities were used for extrapolations: optimal habitat= 0.5 wolf/km²; good habitat = 0.2 wolves/km²; marginal habitat= 0.1 wolves/km².

Stuart Williams' more recent estimates of the number of known wolves (including pups) in Bale in 2000–2001 was 136 wolves and for 2001–2002,109 wolves (Annual Reports). These estimates do not include packs in Somkeru-Korduro, Wittitana, Morabawa, the valleys along the central peaks and good areas in the plateau other than the areas used by Tullu Deemtu and Quarry packs.

The estimates for other populations are conservative estimates based on habitat availability. The extent of good and optimal habitat was pooled and the lower wolf density in good habitat in Bale was used for extrapolations (0.2 wolves/km²). For marginal habitat wolf density was 0.1 wolf/km² .

Other parameters used
Generation time: mean 4.5yr, range 3–8; extent of occurrence: 4,200 km² [defined as area above 3,000 m asl]; area of occupancy: 2,700 km²; number of subpopulations: 7; number of locations: 17.

Given the information above, Canis simensis meets the criteria for Endangered based on < 250 mature individuals in the population (EN C and D), continuing decline in population size (EN C2) and < 250 mature individuals in each subpopulation (EN C2a(i)).

History:

2004	–	Endangered
1996	–	Critically Endangered
1994	–	Endangered (IUCN)
1990	–	Endangered (IUCN 1990)
1988	–	Endangered
1986	–	Endangered (IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre 1986)

Geographic Range [top]

Range Description:	Endemic to the Ethiopian highlands, above the tree line at about 3,200 m. There are no recent records of the species at altitudes below 3,000 m, although specimens were collected at 2,500 m from Gojjam and north-western Shoa at the beginning of the century (references in Yalden et al. 1980). Reported in the Simien Mountains since the species was first described in 1835, but scattered and irregular sightings suggest numbers have been declining. Reported on the Gojjam plateau until early this century (Powell-Cotton 1902; Maydon 1932). South of the Rift Valley, wolves have been reported in the Arsi Mountains since the turn of the century, and, more recently (1959), in the Bale Mountains. Reports of small populations in North Sidamo (Haltenorth and Diller 1980) may be in error. There is no evidence that the Ethiopian Wolf ever occurred in Eritrea (Coetzee 1977). The species currently is confined to seven isolated mountain ranges of the Ethiopian highlands, at altitudes of 3,000–4,500 m (Gottelli and Sillero-Zubiri 1992; Marino 2003). In the northern highlands wolves are restricted to land above 3,500–3,800 m by increasing agricultural pressure (Yalden et al. 1980; Marino 2003). Wolf populations occur north of the Rift Valley in the Simien Mountains, Mount Guna, North Wollo and South Wollo highlands, and Menz. Recently extinct in Gosh Meda (North Shoa), and absent from Mt Choke, Gojjam, for a few decades. South-east of the Rift Valley there are populations in the Arsi Mountains (Mt Kaka, Mt Chilalo and Galama range) and in the Bale Mountains, including the Somkaru-Korduro range (Marino 2003).
Countries:	Native: Ethiopia
Range Map:	(click map to view full version)

Population [top]

Population:	More than half of the species' population lives in the Bale Mountains, where wolf density is high for a social carnivore of its size, and is positively correlated with density of rodent prey and negatively with vegetation height (Sillero-Zubiri and Gottelli 1995). Highest wolf densities are found in short Afroalpine herbaceous communities (1.0–1.2 adults/km²); lower densities are found in Helichrysum dwarf-scrub (0.2/km²), and in ericaceous heathlands and barren peaks (0.1/km²). Wolves are also present at low density (0.1–0.2/km²) in montane grasslands at lower altitudes. Elsewhere, overall wolf density is relatively lower In Menz, wolf density was estimated at 0.2 animals/km² using transect data (Ashenafi 2001). Comparison of census transect data from recent comprehensive surveys (Marino 2003) indicates higher abundance in North Wollo (0.20 ± 0.20 sightings per km), intermediate in Arsi and Guna (0.10 ± 0.11 and 0.10 ± 0.14, respectively), and lower in South Wollo and Simien (0.08 ± 0.13 and 0.06 ± 0.11, respectively). These results were supported by counts of wolf signs (diggings and droppings) and interview results. A summary of abundance and population trend in each region can be found in Sillero-Zubiri et al. (2004). The most reliable population estimates are those from Bale and Menz where research has been more intense. The size of the populations in other mountain ranges was derived from field maps of current habitat distribution and extrapolations of wolf densities to the areas of 'optimal' and 'good' quality wolf habitat in each isolated range (Marino 2003). Time series of count data from a long-term monitoring programme in the Bale Mountains of southern Ethiopia, spanning over 17 years, evidenced marked variation in wolf abundance in association to disease epizootics affecting high-density populations in the early 1990s (Marino 2004). Population numbers returned to previous levels after disruption, evidencing resilience to catastrophes, but at the lower extreme of densities the population rate of increase was inversely density-dependent; delays in the formation of new breeding units appeared to limit the capacity for immediate recovery (Marino et al. submitted).
Population Trend:	Decreasing

Population:

More than half of the species' population lives in the Bale Mountains, where wolf density is high for a social carnivore of its size, and is positively correlated with density of rodent prey and negatively with vegetation height (Sillero-Zubiri and Gottelli 1995). Highest wolf densities are found in short Afroalpine herbaceous communities (1.0–1.2 adults/km²); lower densities are found in Helichrysum dwarf-scrub (0.2/km²), and in ericaceous heathlands and barren peaks (0.1/km²). Wolves are also present at low density (0.1–0.2/km²) in montane grasslands at lower altitudes.
Elsewhere, overall wolf density is relatively lower In Menz, wolf density was estimated at 0.2 animals/km² using transect data (Ashenafi 2001). Comparison of census transect data from recent comprehensive surveys (Marino 2003) indicates higher abundance in North Wollo (0.20 ± 0.20 sightings per km), intermediate in Arsi and Guna (0.10 ± 0.11 and 0.10 ± 0.14, respectively), and lower in South Wollo and Simien (0.08 ± 0.13 and 0.06 ± 0.11, respectively). These results were supported by counts of wolf signs (diggings and droppings) and interview results.

A summary of abundance and population trend in each region can be found in Sillero-Zubiri et al. (2004). The most reliable population estimates are those from Bale and Menz where research has been more intense. The size of the populations in other mountain ranges was derived from field maps of current habitat distribution and extrapolations of wolf densities to the areas of 'optimal' and 'good' quality wolf habitat in each isolated range (Marino 2003).

Time series of count data from a long-term monitoring programme in the Bale Mountains of southern Ethiopia, spanning over 17 years, evidenced marked variation in wolf abundance in association to disease epizootics affecting high-density populations in the early 1990s (Marino 2004). Population numbers returned to previous levels after disruption, evidencing resilience to catastrophes, but at the lower extreme of densities the population rate of increase was inversely density-dependent; delays in the formation of new breeding units appeared to limit the capacity for immediate recovery (Marino et al. submitted).

Population Trend:

Decreasing

Habitat and Ecology [top]

Habitat and Ecology:	A very localized endemic species, confined to isolated pockets of Afroalpine grasslands and heathlands where they prey on Afroalpine rodents. Suitable habitats extend from above the tree-line at about 3,200 m up to 4,500 m, with some wolves present in montane grasslands at 3,000 m. However, subsistence agriculture extends up to 3,500–3,800 m in many areas, restricting wolves to higher ranges (Marino 2003). Rainfall at high altitude varies between 1,000 and 2,000 mm/year, with one pronounced dry period from December to February/March. Wolves utilize all Afroalpine habitats, but prefer open areas with short herbaceous and grassland communities where rodents are most abundant, along flat or gently sloping areas with deep soils and poor drainage in parts. Prime habitats in the Bale Mountains are characterized by short herbs (Alchemilla spp.) and grasses and low vegetation cover, a community maintained in continuous succession as a result of molerat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus) burrowing activity. Other good habitats include tussock grasslands (Festuca spp., Agrostis spp.), high-altitude scrubs dominated by Helichrysum spp. and short grasslands in shallow soils. In northern parts of the range, plant communities characterized by a matrix of 'guassa' tussock grasses (Festuca spp.), 'cherenfi' bushes (Euryops pinifolius) and giant lobelias (Lobelia rhynchopetalum) sustain high rodent abundance and are preferred by wolves. Ericaceous moorlands (Erica and Phillipia spp.) at 3,200–3,600 m are of marginal value, with open moorlands having patches of herbs and grasses which are relatively good habitat.
Systems:	Terrestrial

Habitat and Ecology:

A very localized endemic species, confined to isolated pockets of Afroalpine grasslands and heathlands where they prey on Afroalpine rodents. Suitable habitats extend from above the tree-line at about 3,200 m up to 4,500 m, with some wolves present in montane grasslands at 3,000 m. However, subsistence agriculture extends up to 3,500–3,800 m in many areas, restricting wolves to higher ranges (Marino 2003). Rainfall at high altitude varies between 1,000 and 2,000 mm/year, with one pronounced dry period from December to February/March.

Wolves utilize all Afroalpine habitats, but prefer open areas with short herbaceous and grassland communities where rodents are most abundant, along flat or gently sloping areas with deep soils and poor drainage in parts. Prime habitats in the Bale Mountains are characterized by short herbs (Alchemilla spp.) and grasses and low vegetation cover, a community maintained in continuous succession as a result of molerat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus) burrowing activity. Other good habitats include tussock grasslands (Festuca spp., Agrostis spp.), high-altitude scrubs dominated by Helichrysum spp. and short grasslands in shallow soils. In northern parts of the range, plant communities characterized by a matrix of 'guassa' tussock grasses (Festuca spp.), 'cherenfi' bushes (Euryops pinifolius) and giant lobelias (Lobelia rhynchopetalum) sustain high rodent abundance and are preferred by wolves. Ericaceous moorlands (Erica and Phillipia spp.) at 3,200–3,600 m are of marginal value, with open moorlands having patches of herbs and grasses which are relatively good habitat.

Systems:

Terrestrial

Threats [top]

Major Threat(s):	Continuous loss of habitat due to high-altitude subsistence agriculture represents the major threat. Sixty percent of all land above 3,200 m has been converted into farmland, and all populations below 3,700 m are particularly vulnerable to further habitat loss, especially if the areas are small and of relatively flat relief (Marino 2003). Habitat loss is exacerbated by overgrazing of highland pastures by domestic livestock, and in some areas habitat is threatened by proposed development of commercial sheep farms and roads. Human persecution triggered by political instability in the past is currently less severe and is associated to conflicts over livestock losses (Marino 2003). Recent population decline in Bale is mostly due to disease epizootics, with road kills and shooting as secondary threats. Rabies is a potential threat to all populations. Most of these threats are exacerbated by the wolves' specialization to life in the Afroalpine ecosystem. In Bale the Ethiopian wolf hybridizes with domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Gottelli et al. (1994) used mitochondrial DNA restriction fragments and microsatellite alleles to conclude that hybridization was relatively common in western Bale as a result of crosses between female wolves and male domestic dogs. Hybrids have shorter muzzles, heavier-built bodies and different coat patterns. Although hybrids are confined to the Web Valley in western Bale they may threaten the genetic integrity of the wolf population. Following hybridization, a population may be affected by outbreeding depression or reduction in fitness, although to date this does not seem to have taken place in Bale. To date there is no indication of hybridization taking place outside western Bale. There is no exploitation of the species for furs or other purposes.

Major Threat(s):

Continuous loss of habitat due to high-altitude subsistence agriculture represents the major threat. Sixty percent of all land above 3,200 m has been converted into farmland, and all populations below 3,700 m are particularly vulnerable to further habitat loss, especially if the areas are small and of relatively flat relief (Marino 2003). Habitat loss is exacerbated by overgrazing of highland pastures by domestic livestock, and in some areas habitat is threatened by proposed development of commercial sheep farms and roads. Human persecution triggered by political instability in the past is currently less severe and is associated to conflicts over livestock losses (Marino 2003). Recent population decline in Bale is mostly due to disease epizootics, with road kills and shooting as secondary threats. Rabies is a potential threat to all populations. Most of these threats are exacerbated by the wolves' specialization to life in the Afroalpine ecosystem.
In Bale the Ethiopian wolf hybridizes with domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Gottelli et al. (1994) used mitochondrial DNA restriction fragments and microsatellite alleles to conclude that hybridization was relatively common in western Bale as a result of crosses between female wolves and male domestic dogs. Hybrids have shorter muzzles, heavier-built bodies and different coat patterns. Although hybrids are confined to the Web Valley in western Bale they may threaten the genetic integrity of the wolf population. Following hybridization, a population may be affected by outbreeding depression or reduction in fitness, although to date this does not seem to have taken place in Bale. To date there is no indication of hybridization taking place outside western Bale.

There is no exploitation of the species for furs or other purposes.

Conservation Actions [top]

Conservation Actions:	The species is not included on the CITES Appendices. It has full official protection under Ethiopia's Wildlife Conservation Regulations of 1974, Schedule VI. Killing a wolf carries a sentence of up to two years. The Ethiopian Wolf occurs in several protected areas: Simien Mountains National Park; Bale Mountains National Park; Hunting blocks in Arsi; Denkoro State Forest in South Wollo; Guassa Community Management in North Shoa. A number of important steps have been taken in the interests of conserving this endemic species, including: 1) a dog vaccination campaign in Bale, currently extended to Wollo; 2) sterilization programme for domestic dogs and hybrids in Bale; 3) vaccination of wolves in parts of Bale affected by rabies; 4) community and school education programme in Bale and Wollo; 5) strengthening the capacity of the Bale Mountains National Park – funding patrolling, maintenance of infrastructure, etc.; 6) surveys to determine the persistence and status of all populations of wolves; 7) monitoring of all wolf populations; 8) Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Strategy Workshop, Bale Mountains, November 1999, with representatives of national, regional and local governments and international scientists (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2000); and 9) establishment of the Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Committee within Ethiopia as a national steering committee for dealing with conservation issues. In 1983, the Wildlife Conservation Society set up the Bale Mountains Research Project, which publicized the wolf's plight and started a regular monitoring programme for the species. A detailed four-year field study followed (Sillero-Zubiri 1994). Based on its findings, the IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group produced an action plan for the Ethiopian Wolf (Sillero-Zubiri and Macdonald 1997), providing a detailed strategy for the conservation and management of remaining wolf populations. This plan advocated immediate action on three fronts – education, wolf population monitoring, and rabies control in domestic dogs – to conserve the Afroalpine ecosystem and its top predator. As a result, the Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme (EWCP) was established in 1995 by Oxford University with support from the Born Free Foundation, UK. Its overall aim is to protect the Afroalpine ecosystem and many of its rare highland endemic plants and animals through better management in Bale and the establishment of other conservation areas in Menz and Wollo. The EWCP currently monitors the demography of the Bale and selected populations in South and North Wollo, supports park patrols within the wolf range, undertakes domestic dog control and the removal of dog-wolf hybrids. Additionally, the EWCP carries out a community conservation education campaign that targets people living inside the wolf's range and is aimed at improving dog husbandry and combating disease in the park and surroundings. A large-scale dog vaccination programme (targeting up to 3,000 dogs a year) seeks to reduce the occurrence of rabies and distemper within the Ethiopian wolf range and is backed up by further epidemiological and demographic studies. The EWCP is also active elsewhere in Ethiopia, with representatives surveying and monitoring all wolf ranges and implementing education campaigns about the plight of the species. Zelealem Tefera Ashenafi set up the Guassa Biodiversity Project in 1996, looking at the relationships between pastoralists and wildlife in the highlands of Menz. Occurrence in captivity There are no animals in captivity. Recent attempts to establish captive populations were abandoned due to lack of permission from the Ethiopian government. Gaps in knowledge Although the behavioural ecology of the species is well known, this has been focused in the optimal habitats in the Bale Mountains. Additional information on dispersal distance and survival would be useful. Investigation into the role of the species in the epidemiology of canid-related diseases is necessary. Studies on wolf-prey relationships and prey availability in the high risk populations of northern Ethiopia are also urgently needed.

Conservation Actions:

The species is not included on the CITES Appendices. It has full official protection under Ethiopia's Wildlife Conservation Regulations of 1974, Schedule VI. Killing a wolf carries a sentence of up to two years.

The Ethiopian Wolf occurs in several protected areas: Simien Mountains National Park; Bale Mountains National Park; Hunting blocks in Arsi; Denkoro State Forest in South Wollo; Guassa Community Management in North Shoa.

A number of important steps have been taken in the interests of conserving this endemic species, including: 1) a dog vaccination campaign in Bale, currently extended to Wollo; 2) sterilization programme for domestic dogs and hybrids in Bale; 3) vaccination of wolves in parts of Bale affected by rabies; 4) community and school education programme in Bale and Wollo; 5) strengthening the capacity of the Bale Mountains National Park – funding patrolling, maintenance of infrastructure, etc.; 6) surveys to determine the persistence and status of all populations of wolves; 7) monitoring of all wolf populations; 8) Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Strategy Workshop, Bale Mountains, November 1999, with representatives of national, regional and local governments and international scientists (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2000); and 9) establishment of the Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Committee within Ethiopia as a national steering committee for dealing with conservation issues.

In 1983, the Wildlife Conservation Society set up the Bale Mountains Research Project, which publicized the wolf's plight and started a regular monitoring programme for the species. A detailed four-year field study followed (Sillero-Zubiri 1994). Based on its findings, the IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group produced an action plan for the Ethiopian Wolf (Sillero-Zubiri and Macdonald 1997), providing a detailed strategy for the conservation and management of remaining wolf populations. This plan advocated immediate action on three fronts – education, wolf population monitoring, and rabies control in domestic dogs – to conserve the Afroalpine ecosystem and its top predator. As a result, the Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme (EWCP) was established in 1995 by Oxford University with support from the Born Free Foundation, UK. Its overall aim is to protect the Afroalpine ecosystem and many of its rare highland endemic plants and animals through better management in Bale and the establishment of other conservation areas in Menz and Wollo. The EWCP currently monitors the demography of the Bale and selected populations in South and North Wollo, supports park patrols within the wolf range, undertakes domestic dog control and the removal of dog-wolf hybrids. Additionally, the EWCP carries out a community conservation education campaign that targets people living inside the wolf's range and is aimed at improving dog husbandry and combating disease in the park and surroundings. A large-scale dog vaccination programme (targeting up to 3,000 dogs a year) seeks to reduce the occurrence of rabies and distemper within the Ethiopian wolf range and is backed up by further epidemiological and demographic studies. The EWCP is also active elsewhere in Ethiopia, with representatives surveying and monitoring all wolf ranges and implementing education campaigns about the plight of the species. Zelealem Tefera Ashenafi set up the Guassa Biodiversity Project in 1996, looking at the relationships between pastoralists and wildlife in the highlands of Menz.

Occurrence in captivity
There are no animals in captivity. Recent attempts to establish captive populations were abandoned due to lack of permission from the Ethiopian government.

Gaps in knowledge
Although the behavioural ecology of the species is well known, this has been focused in the optimal habitats in the Bale Mountains. Additional information on dispersal distance and survival would be useful. Investigation into the role of the species in the epidemiology of canid-related diseases is necessary. Studies on wolf-prey relationships and prey availability in the high risk populations of northern Ethiopia are also urgently needed.

Bibliography [top]

Citations:	Ashenafi, Z. T. 2001. Common property resource management of an Afro-alpine habitat: supporting a population of the critically endangered Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis). Ph.D. Thesis. Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, UK. Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (eds). 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals.In: J. Baillie and B. Groombridge (eds), IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Coetzee, C. G. 1977. Order Carnivora. Part 8. In: J. Meester and H. W. Setzer (eds), The Mammals of Africa: An Identification Manual, pp. 42 pp.. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA. Gottelli, D. and Sillero-Zubiri, C. 1992. The Ethiopian wolf - an endangered endemic canid. Oryx 26: 205-214. Gottelli, D., Sillero-Zubiri, C., Applebaum, G. D., Roy, M. S., Girman, D. J., Garcia Moreno, J., Ostrander, E. A. and Wayne, R. K. 1994. Molecular genetics of the most endangered canid: The Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis. Molecular Ecology 3: 301-312. Groombridge, B. (ed.). 1994. 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Haltenorth, T. and Diller, H. 1980. A field guide to the mammals of Africa including Madagascar. Collins, London, UK. IUCN. 1986. 1986 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. IUCN. 1990. 1990 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1988. 1988 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Marino, J. 2003. Threatened Ethiopian wolves persist in small isolated Afroalpine enclaves. Oryx 37: 62-71. Marino, J. 2004. Spatial ecology of the Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis. D.Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford. Maydon, H. C. 1932. Big game shooting in Africa. Seeley Service and Co, London, UK. Powell-Cotton, P. H. G. 1902. A sporting trip to Abyssinia. Rowland Ward Ltd, London, UK. Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Gottelli, D. 1994. Canis simensis. Mammalian Species 485: 1-6. Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Gottelli, D. 1995. Spatial organization in the Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis: Large packs and small stable home ranges. Journal of Zoology (London) 237: 65-81. Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Macdonald, D. W. 1997. The Ethiopian Wolf: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Sillero-Zubiri, C., Hoffmann, M. and Macdonald, D. W. (eds). 2004. Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Sillero-Zubiri, C., Malcolm, J. R., Williams, S., Marino, J., Ashenafi, Z. T., Laurenson, M. K., Gottelli, D., Hood, A., Macdonald, D. W., Wildt, D. and Ellis, S. 2000. Ethiopian wolf conservation strategy workshop. Unpublished report. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group and Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Dinsho, Ethiopia. Yalden, D. W., Largen, M. J. and Kock, D. 1980. Catalogue of the mammals of Ethiopia. 4. Carnivora. Monitore zoologico italiano/Italian Journal of Zoology, N.S. Supplemento 13(8): 169-272.

Citations:

Ashenafi, Z. T. 2001. Common property resource management of an Afro-alpine habitat: supporting a population of the critically endangered Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis). Ph.D. Thesis. Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, UK.

Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (eds). 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals.In: J. Baillie and B. Groombridge (eds), IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Coetzee, C. G. 1977. Order Carnivora. Part 8. In: J. Meester and H. W. Setzer (eds), The Mammals of Africa: An Identification Manual, pp. 42 pp.. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA.

Gottelli, D. and Sillero-Zubiri, C. 1992. The Ethiopian wolf - an endangered endemic canid. Oryx 26: 205-214.

Gottelli, D., Sillero-Zubiri, C., Applebaum, G. D., Roy, M. S., Girman, D. J., Garcia Moreno, J., Ostrander, E. A. and Wayne, R. K. 1994. Molecular genetics of the most endangered canid: The Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis. Molecular Ecology 3: 301-312.

Groombridge, B. (ed.). 1994. 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Haltenorth, T. and Diller, H. 1980. A field guide to the mammals of Africa including Madagascar. Collins, London, UK.

IUCN. 1986. 1986 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

IUCN. 1990. 1990 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1988. 1988 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Marino, J. 2003. Threatened Ethiopian wolves persist in small isolated Afroalpine enclaves. Oryx 37: 62-71.

Marino, J. 2004. Spatial ecology of the Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis. D.Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford.

Maydon, H. C. 1932. Big game shooting in Africa. Seeley Service and Co, London, UK.

Powell-Cotton, P. H. G. 1902. A sporting trip to Abyssinia. Rowland Ward Ltd, London, UK.

Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Gottelli, D. 1994. Canis simensis. Mammalian Species 485: 1-6.

Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Gottelli, D. 1995. Spatial organization in the Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis: Large packs and small stable home ranges. Journal of Zoology (London) 237: 65-81.

Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Macdonald, D. W. 1997. The Ethiopian Wolf: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Sillero-Zubiri, C., Hoffmann, M. and Macdonald, D. W. (eds). 2004. Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Sillero-Zubiri, C., Malcolm, J. R., Williams, S., Marino, J., Ashenafi, Z. T., Laurenson, M. K., Gottelli, D., Hood, A., Macdonald, D. W., Wildt, D. and Ellis, S. 2000. Ethiopian wolf conservation strategy workshop. Unpublished report. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group and Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Dinsho, Ethiopia.

Yalden, D. W., Largen, M. J. and Kock, D. 1980. Catalogue of the mammals of Ethiopia. 4. Carnivora. Monitore zoologico italiano/Italian Journal of Zoology, N.S. Supplemento 13(8): 169-272.

Citation:	Sillero-Zubiri, C. & Marino, J. 2008. Canis simensis. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 18 March 2010.
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