Milicia excelsa

Taxonomy

Assessment Information

Geographic Range

Population

Habitat and Ecology

Threats

Bibliography

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Taxonomy [top]

Kingdom	Phylum	Class	Order	Family
PLANTAE	TRACHEOPHYTA	MAGNOLIOPSIDA	URTICALES	MORACEAE

Scientific Name:	Milicia excelsa
Species Authority:	(Welw.) C.C. Berg

Assessment Information [top]

Red List Category & Criteria:

Lower Risk/near threatened ver 2.3

Year Published:

1998

Annotations:

Needs updating

Assessor/s:

World Conservation Monitoring Centre

History:

1997

–

Not Threatened (Walter and Gillett 1998)

Geographic Range [top]

Range Description:	Iroko, common and widely distributed throughout tropical Africa.
Countries:	Native: Angola; Benin; Burundi; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Côte d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea (Bioko); Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Kenya; Malawi; Mozambique; Nigeria; Rwanda; Sao Tomé and Principe (Sâo Tomé); Sierra Leone; Sudan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Togo; Uganda; Zimbabwe
Range Map:	Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.

Population [top]

Population:	A common species. Trees are often left standing after land clearance and natural regeneration is good in open places.

Population:

A common species. Trees are often left standing after land clearance and natural regeneration is good in open places.

Habitat and Ecology [top]

Habitat and Ecology:	Found in different forest types.
Systems:	Terrestrial

Threats [top]

Major Threat(s):	Suffers from heavy exploitation. East Africa was once a major source of the timber, which was used as a teak substitute until supplies became short. West Africa continues to export large quantities of it. Some subpopulations suffer from gall attacks, especially in plantations, and its seed loses viability quickly.

Major Threat(s):

Suffers from heavy exploitation. East Africa was once a major source of the timber, which was used as a teak substitute until supplies became short. West Africa continues to export large quantities of it. Some subpopulations suffer from gall attacks, especially in plantations, and its seed loses viability quickly.

Bibliography [top]

	Adjanohoun, E.J. 1979. Benin. Part of appendix to: Possibilities and needs for conservation of plant species and vegetation in Africa. In: I. Hedberg (ed.) Systematic Botany, Plant Utilization and Biosphere Conservation, pp. 91-92. Almqvist and Wiksell International, Stockholm. Beentje, H.J. 1994. Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya. Burrows, J. 1997. Comments and completed data collections forms for species of Southern Africa. FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. FAO, Rome. Friis, I. 1992. Forests and forest trees of Northeast Tropical Africa. Their natural habitats and distribution patterns in Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia. HMSO, Middlesex, UK. Hawthorne, W. 1990. Field Guide to the Forest Trees of Ghana. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham and the Overseas Development Administration, London. 278 pp. Hecketsweiler, P.H. 1990. Incomplete list of the commercially exploited timber species of Congo (Brazzaville). HMSO. 1. Index Kewensis plantarum phanerogamarum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Katende, A.B. 1995. Annotations to: WCMC printout of Trees of Uganda dated 23 Nov. 1995. Okullo, J.B. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for woody plants of Uganda. Oldfield, S., Lusty, C. and MacKinven, A. (compilers). 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. Schmitt, K. 1994. Conversation with Harriet Gillett. Sita, P. 1988. Annotations to: Draft IUCN list of plant taxa of Congo. Songwe, C. 1990. Revised preliminary list of timbers of Cameroon with conservation categories. Timberlake, J.R. 1995. Annotations to WCMC printout entitled, Conservation status listing for Zimbabwe.

Adjanohoun, E.J. 1979. Benin. Part of appendix to: Possibilities and needs for conservation of plant species and vegetation in Africa. In: I. Hedberg (ed.) Systematic Botany, Plant Utilization and Biosphere Conservation, pp. 91-92. Almqvist and Wiksell International, Stockholm.

Beentje, H.J. 1994. Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.

Burrows, J. 1997. Comments and completed data collections forms for species of Southern Africa.

FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. FAO, Rome.

Friis, I. 1992. Forests and forest trees of Northeast Tropical Africa. Their natural habitats and distribution patterns in Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia. HMSO, Middlesex, UK.

Hawthorne, W. 1990. Field Guide to the Forest Trees of Ghana. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham and the Overseas Development Administration, London. 278 pp.

Hecketsweiler, P.H. 1990. Incomplete list of the commercially exploited timber species of Congo (Brazzaville).

HMSO. 1. Index Kewensis plantarum phanerogamarum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Katende, A.B. 1995. Annotations to: WCMC printout of Trees of Uganda dated 23 Nov. 1995.

Okullo, J.B. et al. 1997. Completed data collection forms for woody plants of Uganda.

Oldfield, S., Lusty, C. and MacKinven, A. (compilers). 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK.

Schmitt, K. 1994. Conversation with Harriet Gillett.

Sita, P. 1988. Annotations to: Draft IUCN list of plant taxa of Congo.

Songwe, C. 1990. Revised preliminary list of timbers of Cameroon with conservation categories.

Timberlake, J.R. 1995. Annotations to WCMC printout entitled, Conservation status listing for Zimbabwe.

Citation:	World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. Milicia excelsa. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 25 May 2012.
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