| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANIMALIA | CHORDATA | AVES | Coraciiformes | Coraciidae |
| Scientific Name: | Coracias garrulus | ||||||
| Species Authority: | Linnaeus, 1758 | ||||||
Common Name/s:
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| Red List Category & Criteria: | Near Threatened ver 3.1 | |||||||||||||||
| Year Assessed: | 2008 | |||||||||||||||
| Assessor/s | BirdLife International | |||||||||||||||
| Evaluator/s: | Bird, J. & Butchart, S. (BirdLife International Red List Authority) | |||||||||||||||
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Justification: This species has apparently undergone moderately rapid declines across its global range and it is consequently considered Near Threatened. Declines have been most pronounced in northern populations, and if similar declines are observed elsewhere in the species's range it may warrant uplisting to Vulnerable. |
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| History: |
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| Range Description: |
Coracias garrulus occurs as two subspecies: the nominate breeds from Morocco, southwest and south-central Europe and Asia Minor east through northwest Iran to southwest Siberia (Russia); and semenowi, which breeds in Iraq and Iran (except northwest) east to Kashmir and north to Turkmenistan, south Kazakhstan and northwest China (west Sinkiang). The species overwinters in two distinct regions of Africa, from Senegal east to Cameroon and from Ethiopia west to Congo and south to South Africa1. It has a large global population, including an estimated 100,000-220,000 individuals in Europe (50-74% of the global breeding range)2. However, following a moderate decline during 1970-19903, the species has contined to decline by up to 25% across Europe during 1990-2000 (including in key populations in Turkey and European Russia)2. Overall European declines exceeded 30% in three generations (15 years). Populations in northern Europe have undergone severe declines (Estonia: 50-100 pairs in 1998 to no known breeding pairs in 20044, Latvia: several thousand to under 30 pairs in 20045, Lithuania: 1,000-2,000 pairs in 1970s to 20 pairs in 20046), and in Russia it has now disappeared from the northern part of its range7. However, there is no evidence of any declines in Central Asia. Should these populations be shown to be declining, the species may warrant uplisting further to Vulnerable. The species prefers lowland open countryside with patches of oak Quercus forest, mature pine Pinus woodland with heathery clearings, orchards, mixed farmland, river valleys, and plains with scattered thorny or leafy trees. It winters primarily in dry wooded savanna and bushy plains1. Threats include persecution on migration in some Mediterranean countries and hundreds, perhaps thousands, are shot for food in Oman every spring1. Use of pesticides reduces food availability, and the species is sensitive to changing farming and forestry practices5.
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| Countries: |
Native:
Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Angola; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Bahrain; Belarus; Benin; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Botswana; Bulgaria; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; China; Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Côte d'Ivoire; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Djibouti; Egypt; Eritrea; Estonia; Ethiopia; France; Gabon; Gambia; Georgia; Germany; Gibraltar; Greece; Guinea-Bissau; Hungary; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Israel; Italy; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Lesotho; Liberia; Libyan Arab Jamahiriya; Lithuania; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malawi; Mali; Malta; Mauritania; Moldova; Montenegro; Morocco; Mozambique; Namibia; Nigeria; Norway; Oman; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal; Qatar; Romania; Rwanda; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Serbia; Seychelles; Slovakia; Slovenia; Somalia; South Africa; Spain; Sudan; Swaziland; Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uganda; Ukraine; United Arab Emirates; Uzbekistan; Western Sahara; Yemen; Zambia; Zimbabwe
Vagrant:
Belgium; Cape Verde; Comoros; Denmark; Faroe Islands; Finland; Ghana; Iceland; Ireland; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Netherlands; Niger; Sao Tomé and Principe; United Kingdom
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| Range Map: |
(click map to view full version)
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| Population: |
The European population has been estimated at 100,000-220,000 individuals and this area constitutes 50-74% of the species's breeding range (BirdLife International 2004). Therefore, the global population probably lies within the band 100,000-500,000 individuals.
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| Population Trend: |
Decreasing
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| Systems: | Terrestrial |
| Citation: | BirdLife International 2008. Coracias garrulus. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.3. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 09 September 2010. |
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