Macaca nigrescens

Taxonomy

Assessment Information

Geographic Range

Population

Habitat and Ecology

Threats

Conservation Actions

Bibliography

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Taxonomy [top]

Kingdom	Phylum	Class	Order	Family
ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	PRIMATES	CERCOPITHECIDAE

Scientific Name:

Macaca nigrescens

Species Authority:

(Temminck, 1849)

Common Name/s:

English

–

Gorontalo Macaque, Dumoga-bone Macaque, Temminck's Macaque

Taxonomic Notes:

The species was previously considered a subspecies of M. nigra. It is believed to hybridize with M. nigra on the western side of Mount Padang, and with M. hecki east of the Bolango River and near Bolaangitang (Groves 2001).

Assessment Information [top]

Red List Category & Criteria:

Vulnerable A2cd+3cd+4cd; B1ab(ii,iv) ver 3.1

Year Published:

2008

Assessor/s:

Sugardjito, J. & Richardson, M.

Reviewer/s:

Mittermeier, R.A. & Rylands, A.B. (Primate Red List Authority)

Justification:
This species is considered Vulnerable due to a continuing decline of at least 30% over three generations (approximately 40 years past and future projected) due to loss of habitat and hunting. In addition the species' extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km², and its population is fragmented into just a few populations, although at least one is still relatively large.

History:

2000	–	Lower Risk/conservation dependent
1996	–	Lower Risk/conservation dependent

Geographic Range [top]

Range Description:	This species is restricted to Sulawesi, Indonesia. Animals are limited to the central section of the northern peninsula, from Gorontalo in the south and between Baroko and Bolaangitang in the north, east to the Onggak Dumoga River and the Mount Padang region.
Countries:	Native: Indonesia (Sulawesi)
Range Map:	Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.

Population [top]

Population:	Very little is known of the population of this species. A density of 25-30 individuals/km² (WCS unpubl. data) was observed within a national park.
Population Trend:	Decreasing

Habitat and Ecology [top]

Habitat and Ecology:

This species is found in rainforest at moderate elevations, and in hill forest up to 2,000 m. It is mainly frugivorous (70% of its diet), but it also eats immature leaves, arthropods, stalks of newly flowering plants, and cultivated crops (fruits, vegetables, and maize) (Kohlhaas 1993).

Systems:

Terrestrial

List of Habitats:

1	Forest
1.6	Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland
1.9	Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
14	Artificial/Terrestrial
14.4	Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens

Threats [top]

Major Threat(s):

Hunting for bush meat is a major threat, particularly during Christmas when the meat is frequently given as a gift; thus, although the forest habitat appears to be intact, much of it is currently unoccupied. Shifting cultivation by local communities is an increasing problem, and there is some decline in habitat quality. There is extensive illegal “small scale” open area mining for gold, using mercury, occurs even within protected areas.

List of Threats:

2	Agriculture & aquaculture
2.1	Annual & perennial non-timber crops
2.1.1	Shifting agriculture
2.1.2	Small-holder farming
3	Energy production & mining
3.2	Mining & quarrying
5	Biological resource use
5.1	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals
5.1.1	Intentional use (species is the target)

Conservation Actions [top]

Conservation Actions:

This species is listed on CITES Appendix II, and has been protected by national law since 1970. It occurs in at least one protected area, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, and perhaps others.

List of Conservation Actions:

1	Land/water protection
1.1	Site/area protection
1.2	Resource & habitat protection
2	Land/water management
2.1	Site/area management
3	Species management
3.1	Species management
3.1.1	Harvest management
5	Law & policy
5.4	Compliance and enforcement
5.4.2	National level

Bibliography [top]

	Groves, C. P. 2001. Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA. Kohlhaas, A. K. 1993. Behavior and Ecology of Macaca nigrescens: Behavioral and Social Responses to the Environment and Fruit Availability. Thesis, University of Colorado. Sugardjito, J., Southwick, C. H., Supriatna, J., Kohlaas, A., Baker, S., Erwin, J., Froehlich, J. and Lerche, N. 1989. Population survey of macaques in northern Sulawesi. American Journal of Primatology 18(4): 285-301. Watanabe, K. and Matsumura, S. 1991. The borderlands and possible hybrids between three species of macaques, M. nigra, M. nigriscens, and M. hecki, in the northern peninsula of Sulawesi. Primates 32(3): 365-369.

Groves, C. P. 2001. Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA.

Kohlhaas, A. K. 1993. Behavior and Ecology of Macaca nigrescens: Behavioral and Social Responses to the Environment and Fruit Availability. Thesis, University of Colorado.

Sugardjito, J., Southwick, C. H., Supriatna, J., Kohlaas, A., Baker, S., Erwin, J., Froehlich, J. and Lerche, N. 1989. Population survey of macaques in northern Sulawesi. American Journal of Primatology 18(4): 285-301.

Watanabe, K. and Matsumura, S. 1991. The borderlands and possible hybrids between three species of macaques, M. nigra, M. nigriscens, and M. hecki, in the northern peninsula of Sulawesi. Primates 32(3): 365-369.

Citation:	Sugardjito, J. & Richardson, M. 2008. Macaca nigrescens. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 23 May 2012.
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