| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANIMALIA | CHORDATA | AVES | CHARADRIIFORMES | LARIDAE |
| Scientific Name: | Chlidonias hybrida | ||||||
| Species Authority: | (Pallas, 1811) | ||||||
Common Name/s:
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| Red List Category & Criteria: | Least Concern ver 3.1 | ||||||
| Year Assessed: | 2009 | ||||||
| Assessor/s: | BirdLife International | ||||||
| Reviewer/s: | Bird, J., Butchart, S. | ||||||
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Justification: This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). The population trend appears to be fluctuating, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern. |
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| History: |
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| Countries: |
Native:
Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Angola; Armenia; Australia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Botswana; Brunei Darussalam; Bulgaria; Cambodia; Central African Republic; Chad; China; Côte d'Ivoire; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Egypt; Equatorial Guinea; Ethiopia; France; Gambia; Germany; Ghana; Greece; Guam; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Hong Kong; Hungary; India; Indonesia; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Israel; Italy; Japan; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Korea, Republic of; Kuwait; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Latvia; Lebanon; Liberia; Libyan Arab Jamahiriya; Lithuania; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Madagascar; Malawi; Malaysia; Mali; Mauritania; Moldova; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Mozambique; Myanmar; Namibia; Nepal; Niger; Nigeria; Northern Mariana Islands; Oman; Pakistan; Palau; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Poland; Portugal; Qatar; Romania; Russian Federation; Russian Federation; Russian Federation; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Serbia; Sierra Leone; Singapore; Slovakia; Somalia; South Africa; Spain; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Swaziland; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Taiwan, Province of China; Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Togo; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uganda; Ukraine; United Arab Emirates; Uzbekistan; Viet Nam; Western Sahara; Yemen; Zambia; Zimbabwe
Vagrant:
Barbados; Belgium; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Cape Verde; Christmas Island; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Denmark; Djibouti; Eritrea; Finland; Gibraltar; Iceland; Ireland; Lesotho; Luxembourg; Maldives; Malta; New Zealand; Norway; Rwanda; Seychelles; Sweden; United Kingdom; United States
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| Range Map: | Click here to open the map viewer and explore range. |
| Habitat and Ecology: | Behaviour Northern breeding populations of this species are fully migratory whilst tropical breeders are more nomadic or locally dispersive1. The species breeds from May to early-June2 in monospecific colonies of 10-100 pairs1. After breeding it departs for the wintering grounds from late-July to September, returning again between April and May2. The species sometimes forages singly, but is more common in small groups or larger mixed-species flocks on passage and in the winter3. Habitat The species utilises a variety of wetland habitats but shows a preference for freshwater marshlands with scattered pools, particularly where the surrounding vegetation is grazed by cattle or horses2. It frequents inland lakes, rivers, marshes, temporary pans (e.g. in Africa), artificial fish-ponds and drainage-ponds covered with water-lilies (e.g. in Italy)1, swamps, river pools, reservoirs, large dams, sewage-ponds, flooded saltmarshes, arable fields (e.g. in Australia)1, 4 and rice-fields1. In Australia the species also occurs along the coast on estuaries, coastal lagoons, creeks in mangrove swamps3 and tidal mudflats1. Diet Its diet consists of terrestrial and aquatic insects1 (e.g. Dytiscidae, adult and larval Odonata, Orthoptera, flying ants1 and mosquitoes2), spiders, frogs, tadpoles, small crabs1, shrimps2 and small fish1. Breeding site The nest is a heap of aquatic vegetation1, 2 or dry grass1, placed either on floating and emergent vegetation over water 60-80 cm deep or resting on the bottom of very shallow water1. The species nests in colonies, neighbouring pairs spaced between 1 and 5 m apart1, and may forage up to 9 km away from breeding sites (more usually within 1 km)1. |
| Systems: | Terrestrial; Freshwater; Marine |
| Major Threat(s): | The species suffers nest destruction from the invasive rodent species Myocastor coypus in Italy5. Utilisation Large numbers of eggs are collected for sale and local consumption in India (this may be causing population declines in some areas)1, and fishermen collect eggs in Ukraine1. |
| Citation: | BirdLife International 2009. Chlidonias hybrida. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 07 February 2012. |
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