Grus monacha

Taxonomy

Assessment Information

Geographic Range

Population

Habitat and Ecology

Threats

Conservation Actions

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Taxonomy [top]

Kingdom	Phylum	Class	Order	Family
ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	AVES	GRUIFORMES	GRUIDAE

Scientific Name:

Grus monacha

Species Authority:

Temminck, 1835

Common Name/s:

English	–	Hooded Crane
Spanish	–	Grulla Monje, Grulla Monjita

Assessment Information [top]

Red List Category & Criteria:

Vulnerable B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v);C1+2a(ii) ver 3.1

Year Published:

2008

Assessor/s:

BirdLife International

Reviewer/s:

Butchart, S., Bird, J., Chan, S., Gilroy, J.

Contributor/s:

Harris, J., Li, Z., Morris, P., Yasuhiro, Y., Barter, M., Chan, S., Smirenski, S.

Justification:
This crane has a small population, restricted to fewer than ten wintering sites whose combined area is small. It has declined at the majority of these wintering sites. Given the substantial threats to its habitat, it is likely to continue declining in the near future. Owing to these factors it is listed as Vulnerable.

History:

2007	–	Vulnerable
2006	–	Vulnerable
2004	–	Vulnerable
2000	–	Vulnerable

Geographic Range [top]

Range Description:	Grus monacha breeds in south-central and south-eastern Siberia, Russia. Breeding is suspected in Mongolia and two breeding sites have recently been found in the region of Heilongjiang, China^6,8. Its global population is estimated to be c.11,500 birds⁵ with 1,460 in China and Russia¹, c.114 in Korea² and over 80% wintering at Izumi, southern Japan where 10,027 were recorded in 2005-2006³. Other regular wintering grounds include Yashiro, Japan (just 10-15 birds since 2000), Suncheon Bay, South Korea, and wetlands along the Yangtze river, particularly Shengjin Hu, Poyang Hu, Longgan Hu, Huanghe Delta and Chongming Dongtan⁷, China. 1,088 individuals were counted at the Yangtze floodplain in 2005⁴.
Countries:	Native: China; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Russian Federation; Russian Federation Vagrant: Kazakhstan; Taiwan, Province of China
Range Map:	Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.

Population [top]

Population:	6,900 mature individuals estimated (J. Harris in litt. 2006), although the total population is now c.11,600: 1,460 in China and Russia (unpublished information supplied by Wetlands International Specialist Groups to Wetlands International 2006); 10,027 recorded in Japan in winter 2005-2006 (P. Morris in litt. 2006); 114 in Korea in Asian Waterbird Census 2000 (Li and Mundkur 2004).
Population Trend:	Decreasing

Habitat and Ecology [top]

Habitat and Ecology:	It breeds in remote, wooded, upland bogs on gently sloping foothills and flat river terraces, mostly within the permafrost zone. It winters in freshwater marshes, wet grassland, coastal tidal flats and farmland.
Systems:	Terrestrial; Freshwater; Marine

Threats [top]

Major Threat(s):	The key threats are wetland loss and degradation in its wintering grounds in China and South Korea as a result of reclamation for development and dam building, especially the proposed three gorges dam which threatens an important wintering site. Conversion of rice-paddies to cotton fields at Longgan Hu and Dongting Hu has caused declines. A newly discovered wintering site at Suncheon Bay, South Korea, is threatened by development. The artificially high concentration of birds at Izumi, as a result of supplementary feeding, risks a major population reduction from disease or another catastrophe. Other threats in China include pollution of coastal waters, pesticide poisoning, increased levels of human disturbance and over-fishing. Some poaching and hunting of breeding birds occurs.

Major Threat(s):

The key threats are wetland loss and degradation in its wintering grounds in China and South Korea as a result of reclamation for development and dam building, especially the proposed three gorges dam which threatens an important wintering site. Conversion of rice-paddies to cotton fields at Longgan Hu and Dongting Hu has caused declines. A newly discovered wintering site at Suncheon Bay, South Korea, is threatened by development. The artificially high concentration of birds at Izumi, as a result of supplementary feeding, risks a major population reduction from disease or another catastrophe. Other threats in China include pollution of coastal waters, pesticide poisoning, increased levels of human disturbance and over-fishing. Some poaching and hunting of breeding birds occurs.

Conservation Actions [top]

Conservation Actions:	Conservation Actions Underway CITES Appendix I and II. CMS Appendix II. Key protected areas include Norsky, Daursky and Khingansky (Russia), Daguur and Ugtam (Mongolia), Shengjin Hu, Longgan Hu, Poyang Hu, Dong Dongting Hu and Chen Hu (China), Mundok (North Korea), and Izumi-Takaono and Yashiro (Japan). Conservation Actions Proposed Conduct further surveys to identify additional breeding areas. Establish strictly protected areas in the Bikin river basin (Russia) and Suncheon Bay (South Korea). Expand the area or number of suitable wintering sites in Japan. Expand protected areas at Chongming Dao and Xinglong Dongsha (China). Enforce measures to minimise threats to wetlands in the lower Yangtze from the Three Gorges Dam. Prevent poisoning from pesticides and poaching. Establish local crane conservation groups in China.

Conservation Actions:

Conservation Actions Underway
CITES Appendix I and II. CMS Appendix II. Key protected areas include Norsky, Daursky and Khingansky (Russia), Daguur and Ugtam (Mongolia), Shengjin Hu, Longgan Hu, Poyang Hu, Dong Dongting Hu and Chen Hu (China), Mundok (North Korea), and Izumi-Takaono and Yashiro (Japan).

Conservation Actions Proposed
Conduct further surveys to identify additional breeding areas. Establish strictly protected areas in the Bikin river basin (Russia) and Suncheon Bay (South Korea). Expand the area or number of suitable wintering sites in Japan. Expand protected areas at Chongming Dao and Xinglong Dongsha (China). Enforce measures to minimise threats to wetlands in the lower Yangtze from the Three Gorges Dam. Prevent poisoning from pesticides and poaching. Establish local crane conservation groups in China.

Citation:	BirdLife International 2008. Grus monacha. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 21 May 2012.
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