Penelopides panini

Taxonomy

Assessment Information

Geographic Range

Population

Habitat and Ecology

Threats

Conservation Actions

Bibliography

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Taxonomy [top]

Kingdom	Phylum	Class	Order	Family
ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	AVES	CORACIIFORMES	BUCEROTIDAE

Scientific Name:

Penelopides panini

Species Authority:

(Boddaert, 1783)

Common Name/s:

English

–

Tarictic Hornbill, Visayan Hornbill

Assessment Information [top]

Red List Category & Criteria:

Endangered A2cd+4cd;C2a(i) ver 3.1

Year Published:

2008

Assessor/s:

BirdLife International

Reviewer/s:

Bird, J., Butchart, S. & Crosby, M.

Contributor/s:

Brooks, T., Bucol, A. & Day, G.

Justification:
This species has a very small, severely fragmented population which is undergoing a very rapid continuing decline as a result of lowland deforestation and hunting. For these reasons it is listed as Endangered.

History:

2006	–	Endangered
2004	–	Endangered
2000	–	Endangered
1996	–	Critically Endangered
1994	–	Critically Endangered
1988	–	Not Recognized

Geographic Range [top]

Range Description:	Penelopides panini is endemic to the Philippines, where it is known from Panay, including the offshore islands of Sicogon and Pan de Azucar, Guimaras, Negros, Masbate and Ticao. In the 19th century, it was widespread and common on Panay, Guimaras, Negros and Masbate. However, based on abundance comparisons with A. waldeni, fewer than 900 pairs may remain. On Panay, it is still fairly common within the proposed Central Panay Mountains National Park but rare elsewhere. On Negros, it has become increasingly rare, but it was recorded in 2004³, at Simpang forest, Sipalay Negros Occidental in 2005 and it can be seen regularly in Balinsasayao and Canaway-Haponhaponon in Southern Negros; hunters also report that it can be seen in Hoko-an, on the northeastern side of Mt.Talinis, Valencia. Single records since 1990 from Masbate and Pan de Azucar indicate that tiny populations may remain on these islands. It is thought extinct on Ticao, Guimaras and Sicogon.
Countries:	Native: Philippines
Range Map:	Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.

Population [top]

Population:	Population estimate derived from analysis of records and surveys by BirdLife International (2001). This estimate is now considerably out of date; if predicted rates of decline have precipitated the population may now fall below 1,000 individuals.
Population Trend:	Decreasing

Habitat and Ecology [top]

Habitat and Ecology:	It inhabits primary, evergreen, dipterocarp forest up to 1,100 m, perhaps pushed upslope by deforestation to 1,500 m, sometimes wandering to secondary forest or isolated fruiting trees. It nests in tall trees, frequently in fragments of just a few hectares. Fruit makes up the bulk of the diet but 14% of the prey items brought to observed nests comprises animal matter².
Systems:	Terrestrial

Threats [top]

Major Threat(s):	Deforestation and hunting are the major threats. Tiny fragments of forest remain on Masbate, Guimaras, Ticao, Pan de Azucar and Sicogon. In 1988, it was estimated that just 4% forest cover remained on Negros (though this is thought to have been an underestimate⁷) and 8% on Panay, and shifting kaingin cultivation continues. Hunting and trapping of adults and young is widespread and can account for 3-6 birds in a trip of 2-5 days on Negros. Individual birds may be sold for as little as US$1.

Major Threat(s):

Deforestation and hunting are the major threats. Tiny fragments of forest remain on Masbate, Guimaras, Ticao, Pan de Azucar and Sicogon. In 1988, it was estimated that just 4% forest cover remained on Negros (though this is thought to have been an underestimate⁷) and 8% on Panay, and shifting kaingin cultivation continues. Hunting and trapping of adults and young is widespread and can account for 3-6 birds in a trip of 2-5 days on Negros. Individual birds may be sold for as little as US$1.

Conservation Actions [top]

Conservation Actions:	Conservation Actions Underway CITES Appendix II. It has been recently recorded in Mt Canlaon Natural Park (Negros) and the North Negros Forest Reserve. Coral Cay Conservation and Negros Forest & Ecological Foundation jointly created the Negros Rainforest Conservation Project focusing on this area⁶. On Panay, the population is concentrated in the proposed Central Panay Mountains National Park. This site and Mt Talinis (Negros) have been the focus of the Mt Talinis-Twin Lakes Federation of Peoples Organization. Conservation and socio-economic programmes at Mts Talinis and Canlaon have tackled local hunting pressure but it has not ceased entirely. Captive stock on Negros is breeding successfully¹. A captive stock has been developed on Panay from confiscated, donated and captive-bred individuals. Birds released from this stock have successfully been rehabilitated with records of breeding in the wild⁴. Conservation Actions Proposed Survey remaining lowland forest tracts on Negros and Panay to identify further key sites with a view to establishing further protected areas. Gazette the proposed Central Panay Mountains National Park. Promote the effective protection of the North Negros Forest Reserve and designation of Canaway and Hapon-haponon areas as protected areas in Southern Negros. Support ongoing efforts to reintroduce the species on Panay and expand to Negros. Ascertain rates of forest loss since 1988 and calculate the area of forest remaining.

Conservation Actions:

Conservation Actions Underway
CITES Appendix II. It has been recently recorded in Mt Canlaon Natural Park (Negros) and the North Negros Forest Reserve. Coral Cay Conservation and Negros Forest & Ecological Foundation jointly created the Negros Rainforest Conservation Project focusing on this area⁶. On Panay, the population is concentrated in the proposed Central Panay Mountains National Park. This site and Mt Talinis (Negros) have been the focus of the Mt Talinis-Twin Lakes Federation of Peoples Organization. Conservation and socio-economic programmes at Mts Talinis and Canlaon have tackled local hunting pressure but it has not ceased entirely. Captive stock on Negros is breeding successfully¹. A captive stock has been developed on Panay from confiscated, donated and captive-bred individuals. Birds released from this stock have successfully been rehabilitated with records of breeding in the wild⁴.

Conservation Actions Proposed
Survey remaining lowland forest tracts on Negros and Panay to identify further key sites with a view to establishing further protected areas. Gazette the proposed Central Panay Mountains National Park. Promote the effective protection of the North Negros Forest Reserve and designation of Canaway and Hapon-haponon areas as protected areas in Southern Negros. Support ongoing efforts to reintroduce the species on Panay and expand to Negros. Ascertain rates of forest loss since 1988 and calculate the area of forest remaining.

Bibliography [top]

	Brooks, T. M.; Evans, T. D.; Dutson, G. C. L.; Anderson, G. Q. A.; Asane, D. C.; Timmins, R. J.; Toledo, A. G. 1992. The conservation status of the birds of Negros, Philippines. Bird Conservation International 2: 273-302. Brooks, T. M.; Evans, T. D.; Dutson, G. C. L.; Anderson, G. Q. A.; Asane, D. C.; Timmins, R. J.; Toledo, A. G. 1992. The conservation status of the birds of Negros, Philippines. Bird Conservation International 2: 273-302. Brooks, T. M.; Evans, T. D.; Dutson, G. C. L.; Anderson, G. Q. A.; Asane, D. C.; Timmins, R. J.; Toledo, A. G. 1992. The conservation status of the birds of Negros, Philippines. Bird Conservation International 2: 273-302. Brooks, T. M.; Evans, T. D.; Dutson, G. C. L.; Anderson, G. Q. A.; Asane, D. C.; Timmins, R. J.; Toledo, A. G. 1992. The conservation status of the birds of Negros, Philippines. Bird Conservation International 2: 273-302. Collar, N. J.; Mallari, N. A. D.; Tabaranza, B. R. J. 1999. Threatened birds of the Philippines: the Haribon Foundation/BirdLife International Red Data Book. Bookmark, Makati City. Collar, N. J.; Mallari, N. A. D.; Tabaranza, B. R. J. 1999. Threatened birds of the Philippines: the Haribon Foundation/BirdLife International Red Data Book. Bookmark, Makati City. Collar, N. J.; Mallari, N. A. D.; Tabaranza, B. R. J. 1999. Threatened birds of the Philippines: the Haribon Foundation/BirdLife International Red Data Book. Bookmark, Makati City. Collar, N. J.; Mallari, N. A. D.; Tabaranza, B. R. J. 1999. Threatened birds of the Philippines: the Haribon Foundation/BirdLife International Red Data Book. Bookmark, Makati City. Hembra, S. S.; Tacud, B.; Geronimo, E.; Villanueva, J.; Jamangul, J.; Sanchez, E.; Bagac, N.; Curio, E. 2006. Saving Philippine hornbills on Panay Island, Philippines. Re-introduction News: 45-46. Hembra, S. S.; Tacud, B.; Geronimo, E.; Villanueva, J.; Jamangul, J.; Sanchez, E.; Bagac, N.; Curio, E. 2006. Saving Philippine hornbills on Panay Island, Philippines. Re-introduction News: 45-46. Hembra, S. S.; Tacud, B.; Geronimo, E.; Villanueva, J.; Jamangul, J.; Sanchez, E.; Bagac, N.; Curio, E. 2006. Saving Philippine hornbills on Panay Island, Philippines. Re-introduction News: 45-46. Hembra, S. S.; Tacud, B.; Geronimo, E.; Villanueva, J.; Jamangul, J.; Sanchez, E.; Bagac, N.; Curio, E. 2006. Saving Philippine hornbills on Panay Island, Philippines. Re-introduction News: 45-46. Kennedy, R. S.; Gonzales, P. C.; Dickinson, E. C.; Miranda, H. C., Jr.; Fisher, T. H. 2000. A guide to the birds of the Philippines. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Kennedy, R. S.; Gonzales, P. C.; Dickinson, E. C.; Miranda, H. C., Jr.; Fisher, T. H. 2000. A guide to the birds of the Philippines. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Kennedy, R. S.; Gonzales, P. C.; Dickinson, E. C.; Miranda, H. C., Jr.; Fisher, T. H. 2000. A guide to the birds of the Philippines. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Kennedy, R. S.; Gonzales, P. C.; Dickinson, E. C.; Miranda, H. C., Jr.; Fisher, T. H. 2000. A guide to the birds of the Philippines. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Klop, E.; Hahn, T.; Kauth, M.; Engel, S.; Lastimoza, L. L.; Curio, E. 1999. Diet composition and food provisioning of the Visayan Tarictic Hornbill (Penelopides panini panini) during the breeding season. Ökologie der Vögel 21: 389-404. Klop, E.; Hahn, T.; Kauth, M.; Engel, S.; Lastimoza, L. L.; Curio, E. 1999. Diet composition and food provisioning of the Visayan Tarictic Hornbill (Penelopides panini panini) during the breeding season. Ökologie der Vögel 21: 389-404. Klop, E.; Hahn, T.; Kauth, M.; Engel, S.; Lastimoza, L. L.; Curio, E. 1999. Diet composition and food provisioning of the Visayan Tarictic Hornbill (Penelopides panini panini) during the breeding season. Ökologie der Vögel 21: 389-404. Klop, E.; Hahn, T.; Kauth, M.; Engel, S.; Lastimoza, L. L.; Curio, E. 1999. Diet composition and food provisioning of the Visayan Tarictic Hornbill (Penelopides panini panini) during the breeding season. Ökologie der Vögel 21: 389-404. Strehlow, H. 2001. Hornbills in zoos - a review. International Zoo News 48: 78-103. Strehlow, H. 2001. Hornbills in zoos - a review. International Zoo News 48: 78-103. Strehlow, H. 2001. Hornbills in zoos - a review. International Zoo News 48: 78-103. Strehlow, H. 2001. Hornbills in zoos - a review. International Zoo News 48: 78-103. Turner, C.; Slade, E.; Ledesma, G. 2002. Negros Rainforest Conservation Project: past, present & future. Silliman Journal 42: 109-132. Turner, C.; Slade, E.; Ledesma, G. 2002. Negros Rainforest Conservation Project: past, present & future. Silliman Journal 42: 109-132. Turner, C.; Slade, E.; Ledesma, G. 2002. Negros Rainforest Conservation Project: past, present & future. Silliman Journal 42: 109-132. Turner, C.; Slade, E.; Ledesma, G. 2002. Negros Rainforest Conservation Project: past, present & future. Silliman Journal 42: 109-132.

Brooks, T. M.; Evans, T. D.; Dutson, G. C. L.; Anderson, G. Q. A.; Asane, D. C.; Timmins, R. J.; Toledo, A. G. 1992. The conservation status of the birds of Negros, Philippines. Bird Conservation International 2: 273-302.

Collar, N. J.; Mallari, N. A. D.; Tabaranza, B. R. J. 1999. Threatened birds of the Philippines: the Haribon Foundation/BirdLife International Red Data Book. Bookmark, Makati City.

Hembra, S. S.; Tacud, B.; Geronimo, E.; Villanueva, J.; Jamangul, J.; Sanchez, E.; Bagac, N.; Curio, E. 2006. Saving Philippine hornbills on Panay Island, Philippines. Re-introduction News: 45-46.

Kennedy, R. S.; Gonzales, P. C.; Dickinson, E. C.; Miranda, H. C., Jr.; Fisher, T. H. 2000. A guide to the birds of the Philippines. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Klop, E.; Hahn, T.; Kauth, M.; Engel, S.; Lastimoza, L. L.; Curio, E. 1999. Diet composition and food provisioning of the Visayan Tarictic Hornbill (Penelopides panini panini) during the breeding season. Ökologie der Vögel 21: 389-404.

Strehlow, H. 2001. Hornbills in zoos - a review. International Zoo News 48: 78-103.

Turner, C.; Slade, E.; Ledesma, G. 2002. Negros Rainforest Conservation Project: past, present & future. Silliman Journal 42: 109-132.

Citation:	BirdLife International 2008. Penelopides panini. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 17 May 2012.
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