Anas acuta
Taxonomy [top]
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANIMALIA | CHORDATA | AVES | ANSERIFORMES | ANATIDAE |
| Scientific Name: | Anas acuta | ||||||
| Species Authority: | Linnaeus, 1758 | ||||||
Common Name/s:
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Assessment Information [top]
| Red List Category & Criteria: | Least Concern ver 3.1 | ||||||
| Year Published: | 2009 | ||||||
| Assessor/s: | BirdLife International | ||||||
| Reviewer/s: | Bird, J., Butchart, S. | ||||||
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Justification: This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size is extremely large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern. |
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| History: |
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Geographic Range [top]
| Countries: |
Native:
Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Armenia; Aruba; Austria; Azerbaijan; Bahamas; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Barbados; Belarus; Belgium; Belize; Bermuda; Bhutan; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cambodia; Cameroon; Canada; Cayman Islands; Central African Republic; Chad; China; Colombia; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Costa Rica; Croatia; Cuba; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Djibouti; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Egypt; El Salvador; Eritrea; Estonia; Ethiopia; Faroe Islands; Finland; France; Gambia; Germany; Ghana; Greece; Greenland; Guam; Guatemala; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Hong Kong; Hungary; Iceland; India; Indonesia; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Kiribati; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Latvia; Lebanon; Liberia; Libyan Arab Jamahiriya; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malawi; Malaysia; Mali; Malta; Marshall Islands; Martinique; Mauritania; Mexico; Mongolia; Montenegro; Montserrat; Morocco; Myanmar; Nepal; Netherlands; Netherlands Antilles; Nicaragua; Niger; Nigeria; Northern Mariana Islands; Norway; Oman; Pakistan; Palau; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Panama; Philippines; Poland; Portugal; Puerto Rico; Qatar; Romania; Russian Federation; Russian Federation; Russian Federation; Rwanda; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Serbia; Sierra Leone; Singapore; Slovakia; Slovenia; Somalia; South Africa; Spain; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Suriname; Svalbard and Jan Mayen; Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Taiwan, Province of China; Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Togo; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Turks and Caicos Islands; Uganda; Ukraine; United Arab Emirates; United Kingdom; United States; United States Minor Outlying Islands; Uzbekistan; Venezuela; Viet Nam; Virgin Islands, British; Virgin Islands, U.S.; Western Sahara; Yemen; Zambia; Zimbabwe
Vagrant:
Australia; Botswana; Brazil; Brunei Darussalam; Cook Islands; Côte d'Ivoire; French Polynesia; Gabon; Guadeloupe; Jamaica; Maldives; Papua New Guinea; Saint Martin (French part); Seychelles; Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago
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| Range Map: | Click here to open the map viewer and explore range. |
Population [top]
| Population: | Total regarded as a minimum by Wetlands International (2006). |
Habitat and Ecology [top]
| Habitat and Ecology: | Behaviour This species is strongly migratory throughout its northern range1, 2 although some populations in the Southern Hemisphere are sedentary1. It breeds in solitary pairs or loose groups1 from April to June3, with males leaving the breeding areas first from May to early-June to undertake extensive moult migrations (females following later)5. During moult, large sexually segregated3 flocks gather in moulting areas2 (e.g. in the Netherlands and Russia), although small gatherings are also possible5. The flightless moult period lasts for around 4 weeks4, 5 between July and August5 after which flocks move southwards to winter quarters from mid-August onwards3, 5. The species is highly gregarious in winter and on passage, often forming enormous concentrations3, 5 (although the size of flock depends on the size of the wetland)7. It feeds nocturnally6, 8, flocks roosting by day on open water6. Habitat The species shows a preference for open lowland grassland7, prairie or tundra habitats4 containing freshwater, brackish and saline wetlands with shallow water (10-30 cm deep7) to facilitate dabbling2. Wetland habitats include shallow freshwater marshes1, 4, 8, small marshy lakes, slow-flowing rivers1, 3, 4, 8, wet meadows3, flood-plains and sewage ponds (southern Africa)8, especially favouring ponds with low, dense marginal vegetation and wetlands interspersed with brushy thickets or copses4. During the winter it also frequents large inland lakes5, brackish coastal lagoons1, 3, 5, brackish3 and saline marshes18, shallow fresh or brackish estuaries4, 6, 7, tidal flats3 and river deltas5 with adjacent agricultural land (e.g. stubble fields7) and scattered impoundments4. Diet This species is omnivorous1 and opportunistic4, its diet consisting of algae6, seeds8 (e.g. cereals1 and rice6), tubers (e.g. potatoes)1, 6, 8, and the vegetative parts of aquatic plants, sedges1, 8 and grasses6, 8, as well as aquatic invertebrates (e.g. insects, molluscs and crustaceans), amphibians1, 6, 8 and small fish1. Breeding site The nest is a slight hollow on the ground amongst vegetation1 (e.g. rushes, grass or low scrub) and can be close to or more than 1 km away from water2, 7. The species is not normally colonial but neighbours may nest as close as 2-3 m apart2. |
| Systems: | Terrestrial; Freshwater; Marine |
Threats [top]
| Major Threat(s): | The species is threatened by wetland habitat loss on its breeding and wintering grounds5. Reclamation of coastal areas for industrial development poses a threat in Europe, and major river diversion and irrigation schemes threaten wintering areas in Niger and Nigeria5. The species is also threatened by petroleum pollution, wetland drainage, peat-extraction, changing wetland management practices (decreased grazing and mowing in meadows leading to scrub over-growth) and the burning and mowing of reeds in Russia11. The species suffers from over-exploitation in Europe2, and is hunted for sport in North America9, 10. It also suffers poisoning from lead shot ingestion in North America9, poisoning from white phosphorous (from firearms) ingestion in Alaska18, and reproductive impairment as a result of selenium (Se) accumulation in liver tissues (selenium contained in sub-surface agricultural drain-water used for wetland management in California led to bioaccumulation of the element in the food chain21. The pecies is predated by feral cats Felis catus and rats Rattus norvegicus on islands1, and is susceptible to avian botulism12 and avian influenza13, 17 so may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases. Utilisation The species is hunted recreationally in Denmark14 and the Po delta, Italy15, and is hunted commercially and recreationally in Iran16. The eggs of this species used to be (and possibly still are) harvested in Iceland19. The species is also traded at traditional medicine markets in Nigeria20. |
Bibliography [top]
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Different susceptibilities to white phosphorous poisoning among five species of ducks. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(11): 2275-2282. Steele, B. B.; Reitsma, L. R.; Racine, C. H.; Burson, S. L. III.; Stuart, R.; Theberge, R. 1997. Different susceptibilities to white phosphorous poisoning among five species of ducks. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(11): 2275-2282. Steele, B. B.; Reitsma, L. R.; Racine, C. H.; Burson, S. L. III.; Stuart, R.; Theberge, R. 1997. Different susceptibilities to white phosphorous poisoning among five species of ducks. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(11): 2275-2282. Steele, B. B.; Reitsma, L. R.; Racine, C. H.; Burson, S. L. III.; Stuart, R.; Theberge, R. 1997. Different susceptibilities to white phosphorous poisoning among five species of ducks. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(11): 2275-2282. |
| Citation: | BirdLife International 2009. Anas acuta. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 17 May 2012. |
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