| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANIMALIA | CHORDATA | AVES | ANSERIFORMES | ANATIDAE |
| Scientific Name: | Tadorna tadorna | ||||||
| Species Authority: | (Linnaeus, 1758) | ||||||
Common Name/s:
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| Red List Category & Criteria: | Least Concern ver 3.1 | ||||||
| Year Published: | 2009 | ||||||
| Assessor/s: | BirdLife International | ||||||
| Reviewer/s: | Bird, J., Butchart, S. | ||||||
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Justification: This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern. |
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| History: |
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| Countries: |
Native:
Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Bangladesh; Belarus; Belgium; Bhutan; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; China; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Egypt; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hong Kong; Hungary; Iceland; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Libyan Arab Jamahiriya; Lithuania; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malta; Moldova; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Netherlands; Norway; Oman; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Poland; Portugal; Qatar; Romania; Russian Federation; Russian Federation; Russian Federation; Saudi Arabia; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Tajikistan; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; United Arab Emirates; United Kingdom; Uzbekistan; Yemen
Vagrant:
Bahrain; Ethiopia; Ghana; Gibraltar; Guinea-Bissau; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Mauritania; Myanmar; Nepal; Philippines; Senegal; Sudan; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet Nam
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| Range Map: | Click here to open the map viewer and explore range. |
| Habitat and Ecology: | Behaviour Most populations of this species are migratory (although European populations are largely sedentary) and undertake extensive moult migrations to favoured moulting sites after breeding1 (Asiatic breeding populations may also moult near their breeding grounds)2. The species breeds in single pairs or small groups1, 4, non-breeders usually remaining in flocks throughout the year2. After breeding (between July and October) the species moults and becomes flightless for 25-31 days2, during which it is highly gregarious3 and may aggregate into large flocks of up to 100,000 individuals or more2, 1. Habitat The species shows a preference for saline habitats and frequents mudflats1 and muddy or sandy3 estuaries1, 3 in coastal regions, and occurs inland on saline and brackish lakes in steppe or semi-desert3. Asiatic populations also occupy freshwater rivers or marshes2 and other populations utilise freshwater habitats on migration4. Diet Its diet consists predominantly of salt-water molluscs (e.g. Hydrobia spp.) as well as other aquatic invertebrates (e.g. insects, crustaceans and worms), small fish, fish spawn and plant material1 (e.g. algae, seeds and agricultural grain)2. Breeding site The nest is commonly positioned in a tree-hollow1 up to 8 m above the ground2 or in a mammal burrow (e.g. of European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus)1, 2. Rarely nests may also be placed in the open or in dense vegetation up to 1 km from water2, 3. The species will also nest in artificial nest-boxes2. Management information Studies in Danish coastal wetlands found that the spatial restriction of shore-based shooting was more successful at maintaining waterfowl population sizes than was the temporal restriction of shooting, and therefore that wildfowl reserves should incorporate shooting-free refuges that include adjacent marshland in order to ensure high waterfowl species diversity6. In the outer archipelago of south-west Finland experimental removal (extermination) of the nest predator American mink Neovison vison resulted in an increase in the breeding density of this species5. |
| Systems: | Terrestrial; Freshwater; Marine |
| Major Threat(s): | The species is threatened by habitat loss as a result of tidal barrage schemes in Europe2, 8. It also suffers predation from American mink Neovison vison on islands5 and is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus7. Utilisation The species is hunted for commercial and recreational purposes in Iran9, and its eggs used to be (and possibly still are) harvested in Iceland10. |
| Citation: | BirdLife International 2009. Tadorna tadorna. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 26 May 2012. |
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